---

Abstract Background and Aim: Health is a valuable gift that God has given to human. Health and the relationship between mind and body have been discussed in all of the time from the creation of mankind. The certain personality characteristics including personality type and hardiness are a major factor in relationship between stress and health which person evaluation of stressful situations of life and coping mechanism too, that are much dependent in personality characteristics. Hardiness is a personality characteristic that is mediating and facilitating a stressful life events and psychological problem. The purpose of this research was the study of relationship between personality type/hardiness and health in students who are educating in Gonabad Islamic Azad University in 2004. Materials and Methods: In this descriptive correlative cross-sectional study was used a three variable, one group design. The relationship between personality type/hardiness and health among 376 students were examined. 376 students were selected by stratified random sampling. Instruments: sample selection form, a demographic questionnaire, Eysenck personality inventory (introversion, psychoticism, neuroticism), Ahvaz hardiness scale (challenge, commitement, control), A36-item short form (sf-36) that was provided by WHO for health assessment have been used to measure the variable. Data was collected by the above instruments during one simester. Results: There was a significant direct correlation between hardiness and health (r=0.672, P<0.001) also a significant indirect correlation between introversion and health (r=-0.153, P=0.003), psychoticism and health (r=-0.631, P<0.001), and Neuroticism and health (r=-0.601, P<0.001). Conclusion: As it was found that hardiness as personality characteristics plays an important role in health, it is suggested that using the educating method will be addressed as the best, improvement strategy for health in students.

---

Abstract Background and Aim: Teucrium polium (TP) is one of the herbal medicaments which used as a visceral analgesic agent. The aim of this survey was to compare the effects of TP aqueous extract and morphine on tail-reaction time in the rat. Materials and Methods: This experimental survey was carried out on 36 wistar-albino female rats that divided in to 3 groups (n=12) randomly. First group samples were administered with TP oral extracts for 30 days. Second group samples were addicted by Marshal Method. The third group didn’t receive any agent. Tail reaction time was measured blindly by Tail Felike methods (UGO BASILE 7360, Italy). Data obtained were analyzed by SPSS (12). Software and statistical ANOVA and Tukey test. Results were expressed as meanSD. Statistical different were significantly by P0.05. Results: The results of this survey showed that tail reaction time were 12.95±1.72 mse in that group which received TP extract, 15.14±2.29 in addicted group and 7.74±1.63 mse, in control group respectively. These results showed that tail reaction time in groups were addicted and received TP extract increased compared with control group but did not any different between themselves. The mean weight in addicted group were significantly decreased compared with control and group which received TP extract but water consumption value was significantly decreased in addicted group compared with other groups. Conclusion: The results from this study showed that T.P aqueous extract can affect on somatic pain and increased tail felick reaction time in female rat. The exact mechanism needs future study.

---

Abstract Background and Aim: Epidemiological studies have been revealed that there is a relationship between hardness of water and prevalence of CVD. Therefore this study has been planned to determine the influence of local mineral water on blood pressure in hypertensive men. Materials and Methods: In this cross sectional study, 41 middle age men with hypertension (488) were matched based on age, BMI, WHR, drug, smoking, and duration of the disease and randomly selected in a First and second groups. Respectively, mineral and usual tap waters were given to first and second groups 2 liters per day for 8 weeks. Blood pressures of subjects were calculated by barometer at the 1st, 4th and 8th weeks of experiment. Wilcoxon, Mann-Whiney and t-test were used for statistical analysis of the results. Dietary intakes of subjects were determined by using 24 hours recall questionnaire at the 1st, 4th and 8th weeks of the experiment and were analyzed by Nutritionist III program, which is modified with Iranian Food Data Bank. Results: The mean SBP in first and second groups were after 4 weeks 131.09.98 and 136.18.65 mmHg, respectively. The experiment has showed a significant reduction in 4th week 13.53% in first and 5.64% in second groups (P=0.001). The difference between the groups were statistical significant (P<0.05). SBP reduction in both groups did not show statistical significant after 8th weeks between the groups. The mean DBP in first and second groups were 85.756.34 and 92.624.07 mmHg, respectively after 4th week of experiment with a significant reduction of 11.3% in case and 3% in control groups (P=0.001). Also significant difference in DBP was seen at 4th week of the study between the groups (P<0.05). DBP reduction in both groups did not show statistical significant difference after 8th weeks between the groups. Conclusion: According to the result, mineral spring water has a significant influence on reducing blood pressure after 4 weeks in comparison with tap water, which it could be leading to lower risk of CVD.

---

Abstract Background and Aim: Marriage is the most important decision in life and 95% of the people marry during their life. Common life was influenced by different variables. These variables cause wife and her husband to be satisfied or unsatisfied from their life. The purpose of this study was the comparison of marriage satisfaction in housewives and employed women and their husbands in Gonabad. Materials and Methods: This is a cross-sectional and analytic study. Data collection was performed in two stages. At first stage cluster sampling and at second stage simple random sampling was done and 25 housewives copples and 25 employed women copples were studied. The data was collected by demographic information and Enrich questionnaire and were evaluated by using of t test and ANOVA and linear regression. Results: The mean of satisfaction score in employed women and their husbands was 3.6 and in housewives and their husbands were 3.7 with no significant difference between them. There was no significant difference between satisfaction and education levels in the two groups but it was significant between satisfaction and income in men,and between satisfaction and age of marriage in women.There was a significant difference in marriage satisfaction between employed women and housewives after a time of marriage(P=0.02). Conclusion: There are variables which influence on married life satisfaction on men and women that these variables must be recognized.

---

Abstract In a cytogenetic study on the residents in the high level natural radiation areas of Ramsar, a woman had an acentric like C group chromosome showing the premature centromere separation in the peripheral lymphocytes. This unusual chromosome was identified as an X chromosome with Fluorescent In situ Hybridization (FISH) method. Analysis of the 2038 cells revealed that these unusual X chromosomes had ability to replicate. This replication was associated with non-disjunction leading to aneuploid cells. In this paper, induction of the premature centromere separation (PCS) in the aged women is discussed in relation to the effect of the chronic exposure to low dose.

---

Abstract Background and Aim: Allergy (hypersensitivity) is one of the main problems of human communities and is widespread in Iran too. Respiratory allergy is the most important form of it. Among inhalation allergens, fungi have specific situation, because they are found indoors and outdoors. Respiratory allergy is widespread among all age groups but its main effects are on children. It is very important to determine annual and seasonal prevalence of airborne allergens in order to diagnose and take of allergies accurately. The aim of this study is to determine air flora of Gonabad city for allergenic fungi in summer and in spring. Materials and Methods: In this cross sectional descriptive study Gonabad city was divided into two areas, the countryside and the central area. Then, in each area 15 points were identified and two samples (A and B) were gathered from each point simultaneously. During this investigation, 120 samples (60 samples for each season) were taken from the air of Gonabad in summer and in spring and 1298, colonies belonging to nearly 17 genus of different types of fungi were counted. For sampling, precipitating method (fall spores in petridish) and SC media were used. In addition to morphological structure, mold and yeast colonies were identified by slide culture and biochemical methods respectively. Results: In this research, the most frequent isolated fungi were as follows: yeast (31%), Cladosporium (30%), Penicillium (19.5%), Aspergillus (5.3%), Alternaria (3.6%), Rhodotorula (2.5%), Strile hyphae (2%) and Fusarium (1.5%) species, respectively. and the least frequent isolated fungi were Auerobasidium (0.2%), Acremonium (0.3%), Mucor and Rhizopus (0.5%), Ulocladium (0.7%) and Candida (0.9%) species, respectively. Conclusion: Based on the results of this study and Mann-Whitney U test there is a significant relationship between important fungal allergens like Cladosporium, Penicillium, Aspergillus, Alternaria, Fusarium and sampling seasons and areas. So, it is recommended to avoid fungal allergens by using mask, using appropriate filter in air conditioner, using antimoisture sets in home and office and so on.Also identifying allergens can be used in Immunotherapy that can prevent the spread of allergic diseases.

---

Abstract: Background and Aim: Recently attentions to intensive care unit environments is essential because of multiplied disadvantages of undesirable environment in high risk newborn therefore determination and collection of standards for accurate practice in hospital and health centers. Materials and Methods: This research is a multiple triangulation done in years 2004-2006. First international standards were extracted from world wide webs. The using Delphi method, these standards as well as the view points of 15 clinical medical sciences experts were complied to set suggested standards in environmental health finding and in the third stage, 42 clinical medical sciences experts of the country were selected. And their suggestions were investigated regarding desirability and applicability of these standards to the executive and sociocultural situations in Iran through a descriptive survey method. The results of this stage were analyzed via descriptive statistics. Results: In the first stage standards were extracted of lo controls and states. The suggestions and assertions made by experts regarding the suitability and applicability to the environmental situations in Iran were studied and standards in environmental health were drafted and were finally approved by an 80-100 desirability percent rate. Conclusion: The findings of the third step of the research showed that most of the environmental health standards had either appropriate or fairly appropriate level. So necessary changes in final standards have been made based on subjects, viewpoint and suggestions facilities standards suggested for Iran. The findings of this research are hoped to contribute to the enhancement of the quality in Iran.

---

Abstract Background and Aim: Flotation involves separation of solids from the water phase by attaching the solids to fine air bubbles to decrease the density of the particles. Flotation including of tree type 1. Vacuum flotation, 2. Dispersed air flotation and 3.dissolved air flotation. In this research used from dissolved air flotation. Various industries produce many goods and marchandias and affects our environment. Vegetable oil manufacturing is one of these industries. The main pollutants in the east of this industry are chemical oxygen demand (COD), biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) and Oil. The aim of this assay is to study the reduction of pollution of vegetable oil manufacturing wastewater with “DAF” system. Materials and Methods: At first phase of these examinations, the optimum dosage of the coagulants was determined. The coagulants that used in this study were Alum and Ferric Chloride. The second phase was flotation. In this series of examinations, oil, COD, total solid, volatile solid, fixed solid and suspended solid measured in raw wastewater and the effluent of the DAF pilot Results: Optimum value of “pH” for Alum and Chloride ferric obtained 7.5 and 5.5 respectively. And optimum dosage for these obtained 30and 32 mg/l respectively in this search. Mean moval for the parameters of oil, COD, total solid, volatile solid, fixed solid and suspended solid obtained 75.85%, 78.27%, 77.32%, 82.47%, 73.52% and 85.53% respectively. Conclusion: During pressure rising from 3 to 4 and 5atm removing rate of COD, total solid, volatile solid, fixed solid parameters reduced but oil and suspended solid have increase. In addition to, following increase of flotation time up to 120s all of the measured parameters have increase in removing rate. Optimum A/S for removal of COD, total solid, volatile solid, fixed solid parameters obtained 0.001 and for oil and suspended solid obtained 0.0015

---

Background and Aim: Working and employment are chief portion of human social life that can create stress in individual and in turn they will cause dissatisfaction, leaving profession and providing incorrect services to clients. Because of the importance of nursing and midwifery profession this study was carried out to determine profession stressor factors in nursing and midwifery community in Gonabad city. Materials and Methods: This descriptive study was to rank professional stressor factors. The Subjects were all nurses and midwives of Gonabad Medical University hospitals. A questionnaire was used to collect the data and in order to analyse them we used t-test and 2. Results: The results of this study showed that among professional stressor factors, economic factor had the first rank of stressor factors with 91.5% mean score. And among aspects of stressor factors, low incomes (with 90.67% of mean stress score), work difficult conditions (with 88% of mean stress score) and inadequate personnel (with 87.67% of mean stress score) gained other levels of stress factors in the study subjects respectively. Conclusion: According to the findings of this study, it is important for managers of hospitals to notice nursing and midwives low income and the difficult conditions of their profession. In this way they can reduce stressor factors among them and in turn it will cause satisfaction and increase in quality of patients cares that finally bring us community health promotion.

---

Background and Aim: Prostate cancer is mainly an old men disease. This cancer in its early stage is curable therefore if one knows this fact he may obtain a positive attitude and practice to prevent the disease. We decided therefore, to study the knowledge, attitude and practice of men pensioners in Rafsanjan towards prevention of prostate cancer. Materials and Methods: This descriptive study was done on 400 pensioners who were selected randomly. A questionnaire that divided into 4 parts including demographic information, knowledge, attitude and practice towards prevention of prostate cancer was applied for each person. After collecting the questionnaires, the information entered into SPSS version 13. In order to analyze the data descriptive statistics (tables) and analytical statistics (Chi2 and Fisher's exact tests) have been applied. Results: Findings of this study have shown that 55% (n=220) have good knowledge, 39.8% (n=159) have positive attitude and 6.7% (n=27) have good practice towards prevention of prostate cancer. Furthermore, the direct associations have seen between knowledge and attitude, attitude and practice, knowledge and practice. However, only the association between knowledge and attitude was not statistically valid. Conclusion: Given that knowledge has a positive effect on attitude and attitude has also a positive effect on practice, we should train high risk persons to improve their attitude and practice towards prevention of prostate cancer.

---

Background and Aim: It is necessary to teach and make the patients participate in their treatment and care specially on discharge from the hospital since they want to do self-care and treatment at home. This will make them aware of any problem and anxiety and help them to do self care and treatment well and effective, but some observations show problems and difficulties in this field. Quality and quantity of the given educations and knowing its sufficiency and insufficiency can be the base of decision making, planning and action .Then this research is done to determine the educational needs of the patient on discharge from Gonabad health and treatment centers. Materials and Methods: This is a cross sectional study done on random samples (394) the patient on discharge from Gonabab hospitals. The data were collected by a questionnaire and a checklist that were valid and reliable. SPSS software analytical and descriptive statistical methods were used. (P<0.05). Results: Based on the research findings 57% were, male, 42.6% were female the most (0.6%) married and 69% had guidance and high school degree and the rest were illiterated or had the other degrees. The presented teaching were sufficient by % 65/7 of the patients, 56.8% had sufficient knowledge and the rest had not enough knowledge and awareness. 33% needed average education and 10.2% need to be thought seriously. Statistical tests showed a meaningful difference between the patients educational needs on discharge with their educational degrees (P=0.02) but it was not meaningful considering the other demographic properties (P>0.05). Conclusion: Since it is an important problem and the presence of some insufficiencies it is recommended first to diagnose and find the main cause and effective item on educational insufficiency of the patient on discharge and then provide the needed facilities, staff education at work and educational programs in clinics before discharge, self care programs, then we should be assure of the patients basic needs through planning a program.

---

Background and Aim: Psychological distress and burnout can have negative effects on the well-being of the professionals and also on the quality of care they provide to patients. The aim of this study was to compare burnout and job satisfaction of nurses working in internal, surgery, psychiatry and Burn wards. Materials and Methods: A self-reported socio-demographic questionnaire was distributed among 180 nurses from psychiatry, burn, medical and surgery ward.The Maslach Burnout Inventory (MBI) was considered to measure burnout. Results: 25% of the participants met study criteria for burnout. MBI scores in different wards showed that decline in Personal Accomplishment (PA) was significantly more in burn wards and increase in emotional exhaustion (EE) was significantly higher in psychiatry wards. Male nurses were significantly more depersonalized than female nurses. Nurses working at night shifts were significantly more depersonalized. Conclusion: Special attention should be paid to nurses working in psychiatric and burn wards due to high psychological stress associated with working in these wards. Moreover, male nurses and nurses working at night shifts are more prone to burnout.

---

Background and Aim: Conflict and mismatching in employee's opinion in national organizations is component of their nature and conflict management is one of the hardest as well as the most important duties of a manager that can increase efficiency and revenue of organization. Presented research has been done in this point of view Study of knowledge, attitude and performance of managers with conflict management background in faculty of medical sciences of Shahroud (2006). Materials and Methods: This research is a cross-sectional and applical studies. Paying attention to limitation of research substrade and essential need to adequate data, all data have studied in the way of capitation and a questionnaire consist of 6 general questions and 51 professional questions about knowledge, attitude and performance of managers connected to conflict, and have been prepared and given to managers. To analyse data SPSS and INSTAT softwares was used, and conclusions displayed through diagrams and tables. Results: Paying attention to conclusions of analysed data I found that 7.6% of research substrade are major managers, 30.3% are median managers and 62.1% are basis managers as well as 39.4% of them are females and 60.6% the rest are males.16.7% of managers have degrees under bachelor and 83.3% have upper than it.27.3%of manager have management experience lower than 10 years and the rest have more than 10 years. Just 6.1% of the managers passed didactic session and 93.9% had not tutorial terms. Knowledge grade of managers is 14.18/20 (intermediate level), their attitude grade is 45.62/55 (positive) and the average grade of performance is 110.76/150 that is normal and near good level. Conclusion: Paying attention to essential knowledge and positive attitude to conflict and its role on conscious performance of managers in this field can represent that holding didactic sessions for managers and creating essential skills in usage of conflict management techniques improve efficiency and revenue of organizations.

---

Background and Aim: Pressure ulcers are a major complication of spinal cord injury (SCI) that might stay with the injured person during his or her lifetime and have the human and economic costs for the individuals with SCI and his family and society. Educational programs are mechanisms for the transferring essential information to the patients and caregivers. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of education on knowledge of caregivers and the process sore healing in veterans with SCI. Materials and Methods: This was a quasi- experimental study. That was conducted among 15 veterans with SCI, living under care in their houses. Data was obtained through interviews made by a qualified nurse’s. Through inspection, we obtained the ulcer care was based on guideline’s of the Agency Health Care Policy and Research (AHCPR). The wound was assessed by using the Pressure Sore Status Tool (PSST). The SPSS statistical software was used for statistical analysis and Wilcoxon statistical test with a significant level of P<0.05 was chosen. Results: Education resulted in the increase of the knowledge of caregivers and their performances by comparing the grades of the evaluation of the wounds in the round before and after training doesn’t show a significant difference, but comparing the results of the second and the third round before and after training (education) showed a relatively big difference (P<0.05). Conclusion: Enhanced, individualized education about the prevention and management of ulcers was effective. Then if this educations are related to the patients conditions, his knowledge and the way he or she lives will even be more effective. Taking part of the medical staff in educating the families and the patients and taking further action after being discharged from the hospital should be more considered

---

Background and Aim: Helicobacter pylori treatment is advised in all cases of chronic dyspepsia recently but despite several new drugs, treatment failure is probable yet and the choice method to eradicate Hpylori is contraversial. Materials and Methods: We studied all patients with chronic dyspepsia who referred to endoscopic ward of Imam Reza hospital. After demonstration of Helicobacter pylori infection by rapid urea’s test (RUT), these cases were divided into two groups randomly. The first group was treated by Metronidazole, Amoxicillin and Omeprazole and the second group was treated by previous drugs plus Bismuth Substrate for 2 weeks. Then drug side effects were asked during the first and second week and Helicobacter pylori eradication was evaluated by UBT (Urea Breath test) six weeks after the treatment. Results: Among 56 cases in this study 39.3% were male and 60.7% were female and 41-50 years cases were more frequent. 27 cases (48.2%) were treated by triple therapy and 29 patients (51.8%) were treated by quadruple therapy. Most common symptoms during the first week were abdominal pain and flatulence but during the second week the common side effect was flatulence. Although, treatment side effects were rare in the second week and only 25% of patients had significant symptom. Finally the total treatment success rate was 49% and Helicobacter pylori was eradicated according to UBT in 50% by triple therapy and 48% by quadruple therapy. The difference between two methods was not significant, although treatment success ratio was higher in young people. Conclusion: Triple therapy (Omeprazole, Amoxicillin and Metronidazole) is an effective regimen for the first line therapy in eradication of Helicobacter pylori especially in young people.

---

Background and Aim: Hyperlipidemia, particularly hypercholesterolemia, is one of the major risk factors in cardiovascular diseases. Egg yolk is one of the richest sources of dietary cholesterol in human nutrition. Because egg yolk has relative high cholesterol, we wish to investigate the effect of consuming regular eggs on serum lipid profile. Materials and Methods: In this semi-experimental trail, twenty six healthy normolipidemic volunteers (8 men and 18 women) were recruited for the study and two well-cooked moderately sized eggs were added to their breakfast in addition to their regular diet for 4 weeks. Fasting blood samples, the dietary intakes, serum lipids, and anthropometric measurements were compared before and after starting new diet applying paired t-test using SPSS software (ver.13) for windows. Results: The 4-week egg consumption (2 per day) significantly increased the average level of total cholesterol, LDL-C and triglyceride from 129.76, 72.19 and 99.63 mg/dl before having egg to 160.69, 98.03 and 105.34 mg/dl, respectively, after using eggs (p=0.0001). While HDL-C decreased significantly from 54.84 mg/dl to 50.73 mg/dl (p=0.008), cholesterol intake significantly increased from 251.2 mg/day to 534.1 mg/day (p=0.0001). Conclusion: Because egg yolk has relatively high cholesterol concentrations, limited egg consumption is often recommended to reduce serum cholesterol concentrations and to help prevent coronary heart diseases (CHD).

---

Background and Aim: The aim of this project is to distinguish between self-efficacy (S-E) and perceived behavior control (PBC) in an application of theory of planned behavior (TPB) for the prevention of substance abuse in male adolescents. Materials and Methods: A measure consisting of TPB and control constructs for substance abuse avoidance which contained 34 items was developed and then administered to a sample of adolescents (N=303) in Tehran, Iran. After estimating reliability and validity, exploratory factor analysis and path analysis were carried out to examine the study objectives. Results: All the 303 young male adolescents, aged 15-19, were entered into the study and completed the questionnaires. The exploratory factor analysis led the control items to two factors: PBC and S-E. Path analysis indicated a good fitness for TPB while distinguishing between the two control constructs. Moreover, S-E becomes the most powerful predictor for intention, (with non-significantly prediction of behavior) [ß= 0.29], and PBC becomes the most powerful predictor for behavior (with the most weakness prediction of intention) [ß= 0.36]. Conclusion: The results of this research provide another document for distinguishing between perceived behavioral control and self-efficacy.

---

Background and Aim: Coronary artery diseases are the major causes of death around the world and dyslipidemia is one of the most susceptive factors. It is very important to control the dyslipidemia to prevent the cardiovascular diseases. The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of dyslipidemia in Gonabad city. Materials and Methods: In this descriptive study, 606 persons (401 women and 205 men) with 41.39±12.56 mean years were selected based on random cluster sampling method, and serum lipids including triglycerides, total cholesterol, LDL-C and HDL-C were determined in fasting condition. The data were analyzed through statistic tests, that is, chi-square and t-test using SPSS software. Results: The results showed that the most prevalence of dyslipidemia was high LDL-C and total cholesterol levels that were showed in 49.6 and 45.6 percent of men and women, respectively. The lowest prevalence of dyslipidemia was low Levels of HDL-C that were showed in 17.5 and 11.6 percent of men and women, respectively. The prevalence of all lipid abnormalities in expect of high levels LDL-C that were higher in men than women, and HDL-C levels were significantly lower in men than women. There was a significant relation between age and mean lipid values. The results showed increasing means of triglyceride, total cholesterol and LDL-C with aging until 50-59, but beyond that age a decrease was showed. The prevalence of lipid abnormalities in expect of HDL-C was significantly more in the individuals above 40 years old than the younger ones. Conclusion: With regard to the fact that the prevalence of lipid abnormalities is almost high in the present study, it seems that more educational recommendations, modification of dietary habits, lifestyles, and also progress of physical activities are necessary for the prevention of ischemic heart disease risks.

---

Background and Aim: Nowadays, self-directed approach to education is of great importance in the self-efficacy in educational settings. The findings of various research projects on the field reveal the vital role and importance of self-confidence in all areas of life. Accordingly, this project aims at studying the relationship between self-efficacy and test-anxiety in Iranian students of Islamic Azad University. Materials and Methods: This study is a descriptive and analytic study of correlation type. The selected 405 subjects who participated in the study were studying in Azad University, Southern Khorasan Province. They were selected through cluster random sampling. The data were collected through standardized questionnaires for self-efficacy and test-anxiety. Pearson correlation and t-test were employed to analyze the collected data using SPSS software. Results: There is a relationship between self-efficacy and test-anxiety at the level of p<0.01. Also, the relationship between personal variables (age, sex, average, and ...) with test-anxiety and self-efficacy was scrutinized. The results showed that there is a significant relation between student average and self-efficacy at the level of p<0.05 however, the sex variable was not influential in the results. Conclusion: There is a significant relationship between self-efficacy and test-anxiety and this in turn proved that self-efficacy is effective in improving the students’ mental health and their academic and vocational achievements. Accordingly, in order to improve self-efficacy, we need not only to include some instructions for self-efficacy in the curricula but also train teachers and students at any level of education.

---

Background and Aim: This paper presents the main results of the first National Burden of Disease (NBD) study in Iran for children aged 0-14 years which was conducted for the year 2003 by the Health Programs Management Bureau of Ministry of Health and Medical Education (MOHME) in collaboration with other departments of Health Deputy of MOHME and Universities of Medical Sciences, with the support of Eastern Mediterranean Regional Office (EMRO) of World Health Organization (WHO) and senior consultancy of Professor Alan D. Lopez from Queensland University, School of Population Health. The important objective of this study was to estimate, at the national level, the burden of disease and death of children aged 0-14 years using Disability-Adjusted Life Years (DALYs). Materials and Methods: Methods developed by the World Health Organization (WHO) for the National Burden of Disease (NBD) studies were applied to estimate disease and injury incidence for estimation of Years of Life Lost (YLL) due to premature mortality, Years Lived with Disability (YLD), and DALY. Adjustments of NBD methodology were made: a revised list of more than 200 disease conditions, development of new and more specific disease modeling templates for cancers and injuries, and adjustment for dependent morbidity. Results: An estimated DALY of 2981919 years incurred in Iranian children aged 0-14 years in both sexes due to all diseases and injuries in the year 2003. From this, 56% was due to premature death (YLL), 44% due to disability (YLD), 37% was due to perinatal diseases and delivery complications, 30% due to external causes (injuries), 7% due to congenital diseases, 5% due to nutritional and metabolic disorders, 4% due to gastrointestinal diseases, and the rest due to other diseases. From total DALYs of about 2981919 years, 1330175 years were in females and 1651744 years in males. The ratio of DALYs in children aged 0-14 to all was 207.44 in 1000. The highest burden in this group was due to perinatal diseases: 480127 years in females and 621875 years in males. Conclusion: Health and disease profile in Iran has well transited from dominance of communicable diseases to that of non-communicable disease and accidents. NBD results are to be used appropriately in health program planning, research, and resource generation policies and practices.