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Abstract Background and Aim: Macroprolactinemia in which most circulating PRL forms Big Big PRL (>150KD), is a major causes of Idiopathic Hyperprolactinemia with mild or lack of symptoms. We aimed in this study to introduce a simple and inexpensive polyethylene Glycol precipitation test (PEG)for macroprolactin evaluation and avoiding other expensive diagnostic investigations also evaluation of classic hyperprolactinemia symptoms in macroprolactinemic patients Materials and Methods: In this descriptive study, serum prolactin was measured before and after precipitation of macroprolactin by polyethylene glycole in 90 patients with hyperprolactinemia (PRL>30µg/L), furthermore clinical and radiographic findings recorded. Results: 18.8% of cases were macroprolactinemic without hyperprolactinemic classic symptom. Conclusion: Regarding to high prevalence of macroprolactinemia and lack of classic symptoms of hyperprolactinemia and to avoid diagnostic and trapeutic pitfalls the screening for macroprolactin in all hyperprolactinmia recommended.

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Background and Aim: Type 2 diabetes is a rapidly growing chronic health problem, the complications of which cause significant morbidity and mortality. Advancing age, obesity, upper body fat distribution, and a family history of diabetes are among the well established risk factors for this condition. This study was carried out in order to determine the effects of applying continuous care model on diabetic patients` body mass index and weight. Materials and Methods: This is a Quasi-experimental study which was done in Orumia`s Imam Reza hospital. 74 DM type II patients were selected with random allocation technique and assigned to case & control groups for the purpose of this research. Data collection tools include: demographic information’s questionnaire and measuring of weight, height, and calculating of body mass index. Researcher after doing first step of Continuous Care Model (orientation) in both of groups (case and control), did the second step of model (sensitization) only in case group with conducting 20 educative sessions of group discussion about self care in DM type II. Then control was done on case group monthly. In this stage researcher visited patients at their homes and completed check lists then evaluation was done. Results: The mean of BMI and weight amounts in the control group at the beginning of study and at the first, second and third months after were respectively: Repeated measurement test showed that: There is significant relation (P=0.014) between applying continuous care model and reducing BMI and weight amounts in diabetic patients. The mean of weight and BMI measured by pair t test showed that: There is significant relation amounts before and after of study in two groups (reduce route in case group and slightly increase in control group). Conclusion: Considering this findings, research hypothesis that applying continuous care model can reduce weight and BMI amounts in DM patients was approved. Therefore we propose to apply continuous care model on diabetic patients in order to reducing their weight and BMI amounts.

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TCRBCL is a rare variant of diffuse large B cell lymphoma. In the recent classification of WHO its diagnostic criteria is a T cell rich B cell lymphoma with large B cells occupying less than 10% of tumoral cell population. In all cases of T cell rich large B cell lymphoma, T lymphocytes are predominant and there are a variable number of B cells including centroblasts, polynuclear and Reed-Sternberg like cells. Thus, peripheral T cell lymphoma and lymphocyte predominant Hodgkin's disease are included in the differential diagnosis. The present study describes a 54-year-old man with TCRBCL presenting with axillary mass and striking morphological similarity with Hodgkin's lymphoma. However, further assessments led to accurate diagnosis. While lymphocyte predominant Hodgkin's lymphoma has a better prognosis, T cell rich B cell lymphoma is a high grade malignant large cell lymphoma, so applying the immunohistochemical and cytogenetic techniques is required for correct diagnosis.

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Primary breast sarcomas are rare tumors, accounting for about 1% of all malignant breast cancers. Breast leiomyosarcoma are extremely rare and only 28 well doccumented cases have been reported.The mean age of reported cases is 54 years. We presente a 20 year old woman with large right breast mass. Histological exammination reveled high grade sarcoma with pleomorphic spindle cells, hyperchoromatic nuclei, frequent mitoses and extensive necrosis. The tumor cells were positive for desmin, smooth muscle actin and vimentin and negative for cytokeratin, EMA and S-100 Protein. Axillary lymph nodes were free of tumor. Our patient is the youngest reported case of breast leiomyosarcoma in English literature .

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Background and Aim: To consider the importance of self esteem on students and knowing that self esteem is the causes of transaction with others, also it causes positive self imagination and a good self concept which causes student successfulness, this study with the aim of measuring the effectiveness of enhancing self esteem. Materials and Methods: In this semi-experimental study which was designed on 2006, random sample selection methods and educational intervention of "Enhancing Self Esteem" applied. Sample included of girls students of one of the school selected randomly from western areas of Tehran city. Case group included of all the students of a class (29 students) and another class as a control group (31 students). Pretest conducted with the all students in the beginning and after 9 weeks interviewed. Then the educational program in 18 sessions and in 9 weeks included of theoretical and workshop education to show the correct behaviors in the areas of appreciating yourself, control anger and taking responsibility carried out. After 6 months, post test performed and the data analyzed by SPSS soft ware and statistical test such as t, chi-square and logistic regression applied (P=0.05). Results: Statistical analysis of pre and post test showed that education significantly improved self esteem of the students (P<0.05). The differences between the growth rate of self esteem in control group during half a year was 1.1± 3.6 and in case group during educational intervention 4.3±3.7 and this is statistically significant (P<0.000). Case group in compare with the control group have had a positive and successful increase. Conclusion: To conclude research results show the effective and positive role of educational intervention on improving self -esteem of the grade one students.

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Background and Aim: COPD is a prevalent problem with well-known complications. Rehabilitation techniques have been reported to be effective in pulmonary function tests of these patients. The present study was conducted to determine the effects of rehabilitation techniques on the pulmonary function tests in moderate severity COPD patients in education hospitals in Esfahan city in 2006-2007. Materials and Methods: This research is a quasi-experimental design. 80 participated Patients in the study with Moderate severity COPD, 50 patients in Case group and 30 patients in control group, were selected randomly. Data collection was done by demographic data and clinical status survey forms. Initially, pulmonary function tests were evaluated on two groups and then pulmonary rehabilitation in case group was carried out during two months in 20 minutes per time. After intervention, pulmonary function tests were evaluated again in each group. Data analysis was done by SPSS software. Results: Pulmonary function tests increased in case group. FEVI/FVC varied from 61.4 to 67.02 in case group. Conclusion: Pulmonary rehabilitation education can improve pulmonary function tests. Therefore, pulmonary rehabilitation education should be a part of physiotherapy programs in COPD patients until improvement in their clinical status.

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Background and Aim: Some drugs are not effective merely in nausea and vomiting induced chemotherapy control, and increasing their usage causes undesirable effects. Pharmalogical–nonpharmalogical methods lead to a higher control on direct side-effects in comparison with traditional treatments. Furthermore, these combined methods decrease the amount of drug consumption and related severe results. The main goal of the present report was to assess the effect of progressive muscle relaxation (PMR) on the dosage of antiemetic drugs in cancer patients undergoing chemotherapy. Materials and Methods: This study is a quasi-experimental one which was carried out on 61 patients regarding the corresponding sampling characteristics. The samples were divided randomly into two groups of case and control. The case group was trained PMR technique in the first period of chemotherapy. The performance of the technique continued with an educational cassette twice a day in the first period, after (at home about 3 weeks) and second period of chemotherapy. The control group used the routine care at the same period. The amounts of prescribed antiemetic drugs to patients and times of the PMR technique were recorded in the two periods of chemotherapy. Results: The mean dosage intravenouse metoclopramide (t=3.5, p=0.001) and oral antiacid (t=2.3, p=0.02) by paired t-test revealed the presence of a significant difference for case group and non-significant discrepancy for control group (p>0.05) over the two periods of chemotherapy. Moreover, the mean dosage intravenouse with independent t-test confirmed a significant difference between control and case groups in the second period of chemotherapy (t=2.06, p=0.04). However, the mean dosage granisetron and dexamethasone drugs did not show any significant difference between control and case groups in two the periods at the research (p>0.05). Conclusion: The results indicated that PMR effectively decreased the amount of dosage antiemetic drugs specially metoclopramide in cancer patients undergoing chemotherapy. According to the findings, it is recommended that nurses use PMR as a nursing care for the related patients.

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Aims: The main type of anxiety in burned patients is the one caused by pain. Emotional support can tranquilize patients during the process of care and treatment. This research has been conducted to study how Therapeutic Communication can help reduce the pain anxiety and how it affects recovery from burn wounds.

Methods: This quasi-experimental research was conducted in a period of ten months in 2005 in the women’s burn ward of Imam Reza hospital in Mashhad. The sample included 60 patients, who were selected non-randomly and were divided into two groups of 30 women, half in intervention and half in control group. The data collection tools were self-report checklist to determine pain anxiety and the observation checklist to observe the extent of burn wound healing. The Therapeutic Communication plan was implemented for the intervention group. Data were analyzed by SPSS 12 software using Chi-square, independent T and Variance Analysis tests.

Results: No significant statistical difference regarding the rate of anxiety (P=0.63) and wound healing (p=0.73) was observed between control and intervention groups in the pre-intervention stage. During and after the intervention, the rate of anxiety in the subjects of the intervention group was significantly decreased (p=0.0001). Also the rate of wound healing in the intervention group was significantly increased during (p=0.018) and after (p=0.001) the intervention, comparing to the control group. The average rate of wound healing after the intervention in the subjects of control and intervention groups showed a significant difference (p=0.009).

Conclusion: The therapeutic communication between the nurse and patients positively influences the reduction of anxiety and the process of wound healing.