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Background and Aim: Type 2 diabetes is a rapidly growing chronic health problem, the complications of which cause significant morbidity and mortality. Advancing age, obesity, upper body fat distribution, and a family history of diabetes are among the well established risk factors for this condition. This study was carried out in order to determine the effects of applying continuous care model on diabetic patients` body mass index and weight. Materials and Methods: This is a Quasi-experimental study which was done in Orumia`s Imam Reza hospital. 74 DM type II patients were selected with random allocation technique and assigned to case & control groups for the purpose of this research. Data collection tools include: demographic information’s questionnaire and measuring of weight, height, and calculating of body mass index. Researcher after doing first step of Continuous Care Model (orientation) in both of groups (case and control), did the second step of model (sensitization) only in case group with conducting 20 educative sessions of group discussion about self care in DM type II. Then control was done on case group monthly. In this stage researcher visited patients at their homes and completed check lists then evaluation was done. Results: The mean of BMI and weight amounts in the control group at the beginning of study and at the first, second and third months after were respectively: Repeated measurement test showed that: There is significant relation (P=0.014) between applying continuous care model and reducing BMI and weight amounts in diabetic patients. The mean of weight and BMI measured by pair t test showed that: There is significant relation amounts before and after of study in two groups (reduce route in case group and slightly increase in control group). Conclusion: Considering this findings, research hypothesis that applying continuous care model can reduce weight and BMI amounts in DM patients was approved. Therefore we propose to apply continuous care model on diabetic patients in order to reducing their weight and BMI amounts.

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Background and Aim: Previous studies were carried out on blood subjects with migraine. Blood calcium and magnesium don’t reflect the body content of it. This research was designed to measure intra cellular magnesium and calcium concentration. The aim of this study was to measure red blood cell magnesium and calcium in patients with migraine. Materials and Methods: In this research Red blood cell magnesium and calcium concentration were measured in 21 patients with migraine and 24 normal subjects without migraine. Magnesium and calcium levels were determined by atomic absorption. Results: In this study differences between the magnesium and calcium levels in the two study groups were found. In comparison with normal subjects, migraine patients had higher red blood cell magnesium levels (8.409 ± 0.516, 7.866 ±0.687 mg/ml, p>0.05). Also, In comparison with normal subjects, migraine patients had higher red blood cell calcium levels (14.255 ±0.453, 3.799 ±0.176 mg/ml, p<0.05). The data were expressed as the mean ± the standard deviation, and they were statistically analyzed with Student t-test. Conclusion: Change calcium, magnesium level in migraine agreement with previous studies of a possible role for magnesium and calcium in migraine patients. Therefore, according to our data changing magnesium and calcium levels is related to migraine pathophysiology. In future with control calcium and magnesium level in migraine patients, we can use for improving the status.

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Abstract Background and Aim: Glutathione and components involved in its cycle play an important role in many physiological processes. This study evaluates the influence of regular exercise on the glutathione cycle components in rat heart. Materials and Methods: In this experimental study, 104 rats were divided into two groups of exercise and control. The exercise group was divided into six subgroups each of which was considered for one, two, three, six, nine and twelve-month exercise periods (n=8, in each subgroup). Rodents Treadmill was used for training (25 meters per minute, an hour per day, and 6 days per week). For each exercise subgroup, a control subgroup (n=8, in each subgroup) was assigned. The data were analyzed through a two-way analysis of variance using SPSS software V.16.0. Results: GSH levels in 1, 9 and 12 months of training were higher than those in the corresponding control groups (p<0.05, for all cases). Although exercise had no significant effect on GSSG levels, GSH/GSSG ratio in 1, 9 and 12 month training groups were higher than those in corresponding control groups (p<0.05, for all cases). The effect of exercise on GPX enzyme activity was exactly similar to its effect on GSH levels. On the other hand, in 9 and 12 month trained groups compared with corresponding control groups, the levels of lipid peroxidation were higher (p<0.05, for both). Conclusion: Regular exercise increased GPX activity and GSH levels to prevent oxidative stress probably through continuously stress

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 Abstract

 Background and Aim: The increase of quality of education depends on the improvement of educational groups. Internal evaluation is effective on the development of education quality. So, this study was designed to investigate the internal evaluation of department of basic sciences in medicine in one of the universities of medical sciences in Iran in 2010.

 Materials and Methods: This research was a descriptive cross-sectional study the population included all faculty members of the department of basic sciences in medicine, the documents and resources. Sampling was based on purpose . A questionnaire was used to collect data which was also completed with interview, observation and document review. The obtained data were analyzed by descriptive statistical methods in the form of frequency distribution tables and indexes of central tendency and dispersion.

  Results: Evaluation results indicated that all factors except theses, study opportunities and seminars are satisfactory. The total score of the mission, goals, and organization was the highest (3 out of 3) and the lowest score belonged to theses, study opportunities and seminars (1.66 out of 3) .

 Conclusion: The evaluation plays a fundamental role in quality improvement. Therefore, it is recommended that to preserve and promote the study factors which have favorable situation and plan a program to improve the factors that weren't good. Also, it is recommended that internal evaluation be repeated in certain time periods. The university administrators should provide conditions and resources to improve the situation.

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Aims: Unbalance between coagulation and fibrinolysis systems and their regulatory mechanisms may cause bleeding and formation of coagulate. There are conflict reports about the effect of regulated physical activities on these systems. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of resistant exercise on coagulation and fibrinolysis factors in inactive aged men.

Methods: This experimental study was done in all inactive healthy men of Saghez city, Iran which were between 60 to 70 years old. 16 studied samples that were selected by easy accessible sampling method were randomly divided into 2 resistance and control groups. Resistance group performed 12 sessions of exercises in 4 weeks and control group did no exercises in this period. Each session of exercise included 6 movements in 3 rounds (8 repeats during each round). The levels of fibrinogen, PT, PTT, D-dimer and platelets counts were measured before and after exercise period. Data was analyzed by using SPSS 16 software and dependent and independent T tests.

Results: Resistant training induced significant decrease in fibrinogen, PTT, PT and platelets counts ( p<0.05 ) and significant increase in D-dimer ( p<0.05 ). These changes were not traced in the control group ( p>0.05 ).

Conclusion: Medium level of resistant training lead to decrease of coagulation factors, PT, PTT and platelets counts and increase of D-dimer fibrinolysis factor that can prevent vascular thrombosis.

 

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 Aims: Apoptosis or programmed cell death is a normal physiological process of cell that leads to active and natural development and maintenance of tissue homeostasis. Apoptosis occurs due to different external factors. This study aimed to investigate a low risk method to induce apoptosis in human leukemia cells using static magnetic field (SMF).

 Methods: In this laboratory research, the cultured human T-lymphoblastoid cell line (Jurkat E6.1), exposed to 6mT SMF for 6 and 24 hours. Luminometry, flowcytometry and western blot were used to measure total apoptosis rate, primary apoptosis rate and phosphorylated ATM and E2F1 proteins, respectively.

 Results: Increasing in the rate of apoptosis in treated cells according to control cells was significant 36 hours after treatment with 6mT SMF for 6 (p=0.011) and 24 (p=0.055) hours. 36 hours after treatment with 6mT SMF, the first significant difference was seen between treated and control cells (p<0.001). 24 hours after cells exposure to 6mT SMF, cells population was decreased in G₂ and S and 36 hours after treatment, the population was increased in G₂ and S and decreased in G₁. Exposure to 6mT SMF increased the amount of phosphorylated ATM protein in 1981 Serin and E2F1 protein in 31 Serin positions.

 Conclusion: 6mT SMF induces apoptosis in exposed Jurkat cells by enhancing and activating ATM and E2F1 proteins.

 

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Aims: Increase in milk volume , vessel’s lymphatic hyperemia and increased breast’s interstitial fluid in the first weeks of birth is causing mother's breast hyperemia . The present study was to compare the acupressure (jangling) point and intermittent compress (hot and cold) on the intensity of breast hyperemia in lactating women.

Methods: This clinical trial was conducted from March, 2009 to August, 2010 on all women referring to Gha’em hospital, Firouzabd, Fars. Seventy lactating women were selected using convenient sampling method and were randomly divided into two compress group and acupressure group . The intensity of the breast hyperemia was evaluated with a total score related to the hyperemia symptoms ( red skin, breast tension and pain ). Treatment for patients in both groups was performed 4 times (2 times in the first day and 2 times in the second day ). The collected data related to the intensity of breast hyperemia before and after intervention was analyzed using within-subject analysis of variance by SPSS 16 software.

Results: The mean score of breast hyperemia intensity revealed a significant reduction in the successive days during the interventions in both groups (p < 0.0001). The mean difference of the right breast hyperemia intensity score before and after the interventions in the acupressure group (5.94 ± 2.48) and compress group (8.53 ± 2.48) had a significant difference and the mean difference of the left breast hyperemia intensity score before and after the interventions in the acupressure group (5.5 ± 2.3) and compress group (7.79 ± 3.95) had a significant difference (p < 0.001) .

 Conclusion: Intermittent compress (hot and cold) is more effective than acupressure in decreasing of the intensity of breast hyperemia.

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Aims: Obesity is one of the most common problems in societies which can induce many diseases. Some methods have been suggested and are used for the treatment of obesity which herbal therapy is one of them. The aim of this study was to determine the effect of Fitana herbal compound as an anti-obesity product on weight and blood lipid profile in male Wistar rats.

Methods: In this study 40 male Wistar rats with the average weight of 280-300g were used. The rats were divided into 5 groups as experimental I (200mg/kg of aqueous extract of Fitana), and experimental II (400mg/kg of aqueous extract of Fitana), experimental III (200mg/kg of alcoholic extract of Fitana), control I (negative control) and control II (5mg/kg of Orlistat). Data were analyzed by SPSS 11.5 using Tukey and ANOVA tests.

Results: There was no significant difference in the mean of weight and BMI among experimental groups. Triglyceride level was only decreased significantly in experimental group II (62.62±9.94 p=0.0014) and III (62.12±12.02 p=0.011) in comparison with negative control group (84.37±13.51mg/dl).

Conclusion: Oral consumption of Fitana herbal compound can reduce triglyceride level in blood.

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Aims: Appetite is a mental feeling of starvation, satiety and desire to eat specific type of foods which can be affected by various factors. This study was done to investigate the effects of one week and 9 weeks of aerobic exercise on appetite and insulin resistance in obese women. Methods: This semi-experimental study was done in obese women (30 to 45 years old) of Mashhad city, Iran in Spring 2011 who had no physical activity except daily routines. 28 obese women with BMI more than 30 were selected as volunteers. Aerobic exercise was 4 times a week for 9 weeks and each session consisted 20 minute warm-up with a variety of running, stretching, flexibility and the jump movements. Then, the continuous running at a steady rate of 65-75% of maximum heart rate was done. In order to assess blood biochemical variables, blood sampling after 12 to 14 hours of fasting was performed in 2 stages (before trainings and after 9 weeks of training). Independent T test and analysis of variance with repeated measures were used to data analysis. Results: There was no significant difference between indexes of insulin, serum glucose, insulin resistance, HDL, LDL, TG and TC in control and aerobic exercise groups. There were no significant difference in appetite indexes between both groups after 9 weeks of aerobic exercise (p>0.05). Conclusion: 9 weeks of moderate intensity aerobic training does not have any effect on appetite and insulin resistance in obese women.

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Abstract Aims: Diarrhea is one of the major causes of morbidity and mortality in children in developing countries after respiratory infections. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of simultaneous consumption of rice soup and Oral Rehydration Salt on weight gain and blood factors in 8-24 months old children with acute diarrhea. Materials & Methods: This study is a controlled clinical trial which was done on 40 children 8 to 24 months old with acute diarrhea hospitalized in the pediatric ward in 22th Bahman hospital, Gonabad in 2013 who were selected using simple sampling method. Subjects were assigned into control and intervention groups using random allocation. The weight gain rate and blood factors including creatinine, urea, hemoglobin, hematocrit, bicarbonate and pH were studied and compared before and after intervention. Data was analyzed using SPSS 14.5 software using Chi-square, independent T and Mann-Whitney tests. Findings: There was no significant difference between two groups in terms of blood factors such as creatinine, urea, hematocrit, pH and bicarbonate before and after intervention. Also the reduction in hemoglobin was not significant between two groups, but the reduction in urea and creatinine in intervention group was more than control group. The mean of weight gain in the first and second 24hours had significant difference between two groups and it was higher in intervention group rather than control group. Conclusion: Rice soup consumption is caused more weight gain in treatment of children with acute diarrhea. The rice soup has no effect on blood factors except urea and creatinine in children with acute diarrhea as well.

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  Aims: Ziziphora tenuior L. is used as an analgesic and to treat digestive diseases in Iranian traditional medicine. This study aimed to evaluate the analgesic effect of hydroalcoholic extract of Ziziphora tenuior L. on pain and compare it with Diclofenac in male rats.

  Materials & Methods: This Experimental study was done on 72 male rats. Animals were randomly divided into 9 group (n=8) including C (with no treatment), P (Placebo receiving water and alcohol), K400, K800, and K1600 (receiving the extract 400, 800, and 1600mg/kg doses respectively), DK1600 (receiving 0.4mg/kg Diclophenac and 1600mg/kg dose of the extract), N (receiving Naloxan), and M (receiving Morphine). 15min after each oral administration, animals were injected with formalin and animal movements and behavior were recorded in two acute and chronic phases. Data were analyzed by SPSS 22 software using Tukey and One-way ANOVA tests.

  Findings: Pain score in PC group reduced significantly compared to C group (p≤0.05). Pain significantly decreased in K400, K800 and K1600 groups compared with control group (p≤0.05). Pretreatment with Naloxone significantly reduced analgesic effect of the extract compared with control group (p≤0.05).

  Conclusion: Ziziphora tenuior L. decreases pain that might be caused by compounds such as Limonene and Pulegone especially.

 

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Aims: Organophosphates such as diazinon (DZN) induce the production of free radicals and oxidative stress. The aim of this study was to evaluate the role of vitamins E and C as antioxidants in reduction of DZN-induced oxidative stress in rat heart. Materials & Methods: In present experimental study, 36 male Wistar rats were randomly divided into six groups control (corn oil as DZN solvent), DZN (100mg/kg), vitamin E (150mg/kg), vitamin C (200mg/kg), vitamin E+DZN and vitamin C+DZN. 24 hours after intraperitoneal injection, animals were anesthetized by ether, and heart tissue was quickly removed. After tissues hemogenation, superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), glutathione S-transferase (GST) and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) activities, as well as glutathione (GSH) and malondialdehyde (MDA) levels were determined by biochemical methods. The data were statistically analyzed using Instat 3.3 by analysis of variance (ANOVA) followed by post hoc Tukey test. Findings: DZN increased SOD, CAT and GST activities (p<0.01) and MDA level (p<0.05), while decreased LDH activity (p<0.05) and GSH content (p<0.01) in heart compared with the control group. Administration of vitamins E and C inhibited changing of these parameters. Conclusion: Administration of vitamins E and C as antioxidant decreases DZN-induced oxidative stress by scavenging free radicals.

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Aims: Prevention and reduction of HIV risk behaviors in the patients with positive HIV are of the priorities of public health. The aim of this study was to assess the effectiveness of educational program based on health belief model (HBM) on the behaviors preventing disease transmission in the positive HIV patients.

Materials & Methods: In the semi-experimental study, 92 positive HIV patients with AIDS, aged more than 18 years and recorded by the counseling centers for infectious and behavioral diseases in either Saravan or Sarbaz, were studied in 2013. The subjects were selected via census method. Data was collected using a researcher-made questionnaire consisted of a demographic part (10 questions), the health belief model constructs (17 questions), and patients’ functioning assessment part (11 questions). Data was analyzed by SPSS 18 software using independent T, paired-T, and Chi-square tests.

Findings: There was no significant difference between the groups in the demographic characteristics and they were equal. There were considerable significant increases in the mean scores of the perceived sensitiveness and intensity, the perceived benefits and obstructions, the perceived self-efficacy, and behavior after the training intervention than before the intervention (p<0.001). 

Conclusion: Health belief model is effective on the enhancement of AIDS preventing behaviors in patients with AIDS. In addition, through increased levels of awareness, attitude, sensitiveness, intensity, benefits, and self-efficacy, as well as a reduction in the perceived obstructions, it increases AIDS preventing behaviors.

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Aims: The exposure to chemical materials and colors affects thyroid gland functions. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of fume inhalation of oil-based paints on the serum level of thyroid hormones in female and male rats.

Materials & Methods: In the experimental study, 15 male and 15 female Wistar rats were studied. The rats were divided into six 5-rat groups including a control group and groups with either 1- or 8-hour a day exposure to the paint fumes by gender division. The serum levels of T₃, T₄, and TSH thyroid hormones were measured after 10 weeks. Data was analyzed by SPSS 20 software using two-way ANOVA and Tukey’s post-hoc.

Findings: Mean values of T₃ and T₄ hormones were significantly reduced in both 1- and 8-hour male and female groups than control group (p<0.001). In addition, the more the inhalation time, the more the reduction was. Any reduction in T₃ in females in 1-hour (p<0.001) and 8–hour (p<0.05) groups was significantly more than the males. Nevertheless, a significant reduction in T₄ was only in 1-hour group (p<0.001). Mean TSH hormone was significantly increased due to the inhalation of paint fume than control group (p<0.001). In addition, such an increase was significant in the female rats in 8-hour group than the male group (p<0.01). 

Conclusion: The inhalation of oil-based paint fume leads to a reduction in the serum levels of T₃ and T₄ thyroid hormones, while increases TSH serum level. Such an effect is stronger in the females.

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Aims: Leptin is one of the most important fat-derived hormones. Several studies have shown that serum leptin levels in systemic inflammatory diseases are reduced. The aim of this study was to evaluate the serum leptin levels in three groups: patients with active pulmonary tuberculosis (TB), patients with non-pulmonary infections (acute pneumonia) and normal people.
Materials & Methods: In this cross-sectional study, in 2010, 40 patients with active pulmonary TB (case group) and 40 patients with non-pulmonary infections (positive control group) admitted to Boo-Ali hospital in Zahedan and 40 healthy subjects (negative control group) were selected using easy access and serum leptin levels were evaluated by ELISA. Data were analyzed by SPSS 18 software and one-way ANOVA.
Findings: The mean of serum leptin levels in patients with non-pulmonary infections (p=0.030) and in patients with active pulmonary TB (p=0.004) were significantly lower than normal group, but the mean of serum leptin levels in patients with active pulmonary TB and patients with non-pulmonary infections were not significantly different (p=0.555).
Conclusion: Serum leptin levels are lower in patients with active pulmonary tuberculosis and in patients with non-pulmonary infections than in normal people, but there is no difference between patients with active pulmonary tuberculosis and patients with non-pulmonary infections. Therefore, serum leptin levels are not an appropriate marker for the differentiation of active pulmonary tuberculosis from pulmonary infections (acute pneumonia).
 

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Aims: Addiction is a chronic disease characterized by impaired individual, physiological and social performance. spiritual intelligence and wisdom can be effective as protective factors in predicting tendency to substance use. This study has aimed to investigate the relationship between spiritual intelligence and wisdom with the tendency to substance use among college student.
Materials & Methods: In this descriptive-correlational study, 361 College students in 2015-16 were selected from students of Azarbaijan Shahid Madani University using multiple cluster sampling method and Spiritual Intelligence Self-Report Scale ,Three- Dimensional Wisdom Scale (3D-WS) and tendency to substance use questionnaire to be completed. Data analysis was performed by SPSS 20 softwares and Lisrel.
Findings: Results showed that Correlation between spiritual intelligence and wisdom with tendency to substance use was significant (p<0.01). The proposed model was good-fitting model (p<0.05).
Conclusion: as regards spiritual intelligence and wisdom are negatively related with the tendency to substance use, it is concluded that the strengthening of spiritual intelligence and wisdom of individuals leads to reduce their substance use.
 

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Aims: Imbalance and disruption in daily functioning (sitting, standing up and walking) are major clinical symptoms of MS, while physical activity and exercise is an important non-pharmacological method in the rehabilitation and control of clinical signs of the disease.

Materials & Methods: Combined exercise + Q10 and combined exercise groups performed a combined exercise program including two sessions of aerobic training (50 to 60 max HR at the beginning to the end) and one session of resistance training (50-60% 1RM from beginning to end) three sessions per week. Daily 200 mg of CoQ10 supplement was prescription in capsule form and starch was also used as placebo. Endurance and speed of walk were measured by using of up & go, 25 foot walking, 6 min walking and chair stand test before and after training protocol. Data were analyzed with analysis of covariance and t-test at a significance level of P<0.05.

Findings: The results showed a significant decrease in the time of the standing and sitting tests, also a significant increase in endurance and speed of walking in combined exercise training + Q10 supplementation and combined exercise training groups versus Q10 supplementation and placebo groups.

Conclusion: Combined exercise training with coenzyme Q10 supplementation or alone can lead to improved muscular function such as sitting, standing and walking in patient with MS. Therefore, this method can be used as a complementary tool in addition to drug therapy for the improvement of clinical symptoms of these patients.

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Aims:The performance of psychomotors is very important for handling the cardiac arrests. The purpose of this study is to investigate the effects of capnography’s feedback during cardiopulmonary resuscitation on the psychomotor’s performance of Rescuers.
Materials & Methods: This is a semi-experimental study with the aim of pre/post evaluation of the Ghaem hospital’s resuscitation team in Mashhad-Iran during 2014-2015.The functional data was collected via the skill resuscitation checklist. First of all, chest compression and ventilation rate were studied for normal resuscitation method and then, the method of using capnography based on its feedback taught to team members. Resuscitation team used it for 1 month in resuscitation cases. Finally, the psychomotor performance of rescuers evaluated.
Findings: There was a significant difference between the mean number of chest compression and ventilation rate of rescuers before and after the intervention (p<0.001) and the number of chest compression and ventilations were improved after using capnography feedback and get closer to the standards.
Conclusion: Capnography feedback improves performance of rescuers. Therefore, it is recommended to use it in resuscitation.

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Aims: Defensins are cysteine-rich antimicrobial cationic peptides and BAX is a proapoptotic gene that can cause cell death. This study aimed to investigate the effect of cellular extract of co-cultured Lactobacillus casei on the expression of BAX and human β-defensin 2 (hBD-2) genes in HT29 cells.
Methods & Materials: This experimental study was conducted in the Research Center for Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology of Tabriz University of Medical Sciences in 2017. The HT29 cell line was obtained from the Pasteur Institute of Iran, and cells were assessed using Microculture Tetrazolium Test (MTT) after culturing. DNA was extracted from the treated cells, and then the DNA ladder assay was carried out. After preparing cDNA, the expression levels of BAX and hBD-2 genes in the HT29 cell line were measured using a real-time Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) method.
Findings: The results of the MTT assay indicated that Lactobacillus casei inhibited the proliferation of HT29 cells and induced apoptosis in these cells. Results of DAPI staining and DNA ladder assay obtained from treating HT29 cells by Lactobacillus casei showed qualitative changes in cell apoptosis. Moreover, realtime PCR results indicated that Lactobacillus casei bacteria significantly increased the expression of the hBD-2 gene in HT29 colon cancer cells within 12-24 hours (P= 0.023), while BAX gene expression showed no significant change in the first 24 hours (P= 0.37).
Conclusion: The extract of Lactobacillus casei can be used to stimulate cancer cells to produce β-defensins, inhibit pathogens, prevent the stimulation of cellular signaling, and fight antibiotic-resistant bacteria.