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Background and Aim: In recent years, tuberculosis (TB) has acquired a growing importance in developed and developing countries. The spread of multidrug-resistant (MDR) strains of Mycobacterium tuberculosis is an increasing public health concern in many parts of the world, especially in low- income countries. Standard methods for drug susceptibility testing of M. tuberculosis are time-consuming. In this study, we have evaluated the possibility of using colorimetric method by means of Alamar Blue, to detect susceptibility of M. tuberculosis strains as less expensive and easier-to-read methods. Materials and Methods: For this study 23 isolates of Mycobacterium tuberculosis were obtained from Iranian National Research Institute of Tuberculosis and Long Diseases. 11 isolates were resistant to rifampin and isoniazid and 12 isolates were susceptible to rifampin and isoniazid. The colorimetric method in this study was performed with a critical concentration of 0.2 µg/ml for isoniazid and 2 µg/ml for rifampin in 7H9GC broth. The tubes were incubated at 37˚C for 4 weeks. Results: For both rifampin and isoniazid, the sensitivity and specificity of Alamar Blue method was %100 and %90 respectively. In this study, the results for Alamar Blue were available in average 6 days. Conclusion: Medical laboratories in developing countries have to adapt a simple method, which does not require expensive equipment materials. In conclusion, this colorimetric method is simple, reliable and inexpensive methods to evaluate drug susceptibility of Mycobacterium tuberculosis, especially in laboratories with low- income. In this regard, Alamar Blue culture tubes have the optional to become the method of choice for assessing drug susceptibility of M. tuberculosis in countries like Iran.

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Background and Aim: Henna is a small shrub known for healing attributes. In this study we evaluate the antimicrobial activity of Henna extract against Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeroginosa by detecting the lowest concentration that inhibits the growth of the microorganism. Materials and Methods: The antimicrobial activities of Henna extracts were determined against twenty five isolates of Staphylococcus aureus and 25 isolates of Pseudomonas aeroginosa. Primarily the antimicrobial activity of the extracts was determined using agar dilution assay, as recommended by the National Committee for Clinical Laboratory Standard (NCCLS). Results: The results demonstrate a wide range of activities of the different extracts against the bacteria tested. MIC50 for Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeroginosa in watery extract was 2.5 mg/ml and 10 mg/ml and in ethanolic extract was 3 mg/ml and 3.5 mg/ml respectively. Conclusion: These findings support the use of Henna in the treatment of skin and wound infection. Also Henna appears to be a promising agent for prophylaxis against skin disease.

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Aims Programmed cell death protein-1 (PD-1) is a membrane receptor expressed on the surface of T and B lymphocytes, monocytes, natural killers, and dendritic cells. In cancer, the PD-1/PD-L1 system prevents the proliferation of T lymphocytes and causes the release of cytokines and cytotoxicity, which leads to the apoptosis of tumor-specific T cells, thereby preventing the immune response to cancer cells. 
Methods & Materials In this study, the extracellular part of the humanized PD-1 protein was cloned and expressed, and the protein was injected as an antigen into a camel (Camelus dromedarius) to obtain a camel polyclonal antibody against PD-1 protein. 
Findings The obtained results indicate the proper expression of the protein in the prokaryotic system. Also, using various tests, such as ELISA and western blot, it was confirmed that the polyclonal antibody obtained from camel can identify PD-1 protein. 
Conclusion This study showed that because of the advantages, such as the ability to bind multiple epitopes, camel polyclonal antibodies can be used in antibody-based research for effective and strong molecular applications to detect PD-1 receptors.