---

Background and Aim: The sedative effects of medicinal herbs of Echium Amoenum Fisch & Mey on nervous system have been known for many years. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of methanolice extract of Echium amoenum Fisch & Mey against seizure induced by picrotoxin in mice. Materials and Methods: In this experiment study, in the first phase four groups of animals were pretreated by metabolic extract of this plant via intraperitoneal injection. After 20 minutes each animal received picrotoxin 10mg/kg for the induction of seizure. Then lateney of onset time for the beginning of seizure, duration of seizure and mortality were determined. Data were subjected to the t test and chi-square test (P<0.05). Results: The results showed that latency of seizure was increased significantly in case groups that pretreated with different doses of extract (P<0.05) (especially 6.25 mg/kg). In addition, these doses delayed significantly the time death in mice (P<0.01). Conclusion: The extract of Echium Amoenum appears to be effective on seizure induced by picrotoxin in mice.

---

Background and Aim: The recent strategies of research in education is based on usinglearning strategies for education development and facilating learning process. The strategies importance as a way and method of improving education level is known for all today. Since a few researches has been done on this subject , we did a research called,The survey of using learning strategies rate on Gonabad medical sciences students in 2002-3 Materials and Methods: This is a pilot survey that its samples were all Gonabad medical students ,121 students were selected through random quota. Data were collected by a questionnaire containing demographic features and learning strategies questions of Weinstein.The data were analysed by T-test, and correlation coefficient. Results: The most frequency was related to nursing students with 35.5%, Midwifery students, 28.1%, health students 14.0%, controlling disease students 8.3%, operation room students 7.4% and anesthesia students 5.8%. The average students marks of attitude, motivation, time control, anxiety and concentration showed a meaning full statistical difference between different students(p<0.05). Exam strategies had a meaningful relationship with education development(p<0.05). The average marks of motivation had a meaningfull statistical difference with duration of studying in the library(p<0.05). The average marks of the student’s were 20 to 30 centile of normal marks of American students. Conclusion: It is recommended to teach these strategies to students to use them in learning and improve their abilities for improving education quality.

---

Background and Aim: Hemophilic patients are at risk of several blood born diseases such as viral hepatitis (A, B, C), HIV infection due to several transfusion events during their life. This study was performed to evaluate the prevalence of HCV infection and related viremia in hemophilic patients in our region. Materials and Methods: 80 out of 400 hemophilic patients, registered in Khorasan hemophilia Society were evaluated. The case studies were selected randomly. The second generation of ELISA kit was used for evaluating anti HCV in serum. The positive ELISA results were confirmed using Western Blot method. Viremia was evaluated using RT-PCR method in anti HCV positive patients. Results:Our results showed that 44 (55%) out of 80 were anti HCV positive, 25(56%) of whom, had viremia. Our results showed a significant relation between HCV infection with kind of hemophilia (P=0.044) and it's severity (P=0.033). Conclusion: As the prevalence of HCV infection in our study group was high, screening of all hemophilic patients for HCV infection is recommended. Based on the results, the evaluation of viremia in HCV infected patients is advised too.

---

Background and Aim: In this study drug susceptibility of shigella strains was detected in diarrheal patients in Gonabad,s 22-Bahman hospital, 2005-2006. Materials and Methods:For this purpose, Kirby-Bauer method of susceptibility testing was used for drug susceptibility of shigella strains. Results: In total, 134 samples belong to the patients referred to Gonabad,s 22-Bahman hospital, were collected. From 134 cases, 32 cases were identified as shigellosis. All of the isolates were sensitive to Cefotaxime, Ceftizoxime and Ciprofloxacin, 81/3% and 53/1% of the isolates were resistant to Tetracycline and Sulfametoxazole -Trimetoprime respectively. Conclusion: The dramatic rise in resistance has a major implication for the appropriate selection of antibiotics and brought empiric use of Tetracycline and Sulfametoxazole- Trimetoprime in to question.

---

Background and Aim: Musculoskeletal disorders (MSDs) are major parts of the occupational diseases in workplaces. In hairdressing because of repetitive motions, prolonged practice in stand postures, wrong working conditions there is the probability of musculoskeletal disorders occurrence. Protection from such diseases is dependent on assessment and improvement of job postures by using job analysis methods in ergonomics. This study was aimed to evaluate ergonomic conditions in hairdressing by rapid entire body assessment (REBA) in Birjand city and also to assess the relation between MSDs in different parts of the body and work conditions. Materials and Methods: In a descriptive-analytical study ergonomic posture of 150 hairdressers was studied by using REBA method. The prevalence of MSDs was obtained by using Nordic Musculoskeletal Questionnaire (NMQ). The data were analyzed by independent t-test and chi-square tests with p≤0.05 as the limit of significance. Results: 39% of hairdressers were males and 61% females. The prevalence of disorders for different parts of the body was as follows: 21% for neck, 31% for shoulders, 6% for wrist, 54% for back and 69% for legs. There were significant correlations between disorders of wrist and legs with sex, leg disorder and work time, disorders of wrist and legs with REBA score's. (p≤0.05) Conclusion: It is concluded that the work conditions need to be improved. In addition the level of hairdressers' education regarding biomechanical hazardous effects as well as correct work conditions should be increased.

---

Background and Aim: Lead is one of the world wide using metals that has been used since ancient time. It is also a toxin, known to have adverse effects on the body even at low level of exposure and it induces a bread range of physiological, biochemical and behavioral dysfunctions. Studies have shown that this metal has harmful effects on several tissues such as nervous system, blood tissues, cardiovascular system, reproductive and urinary system. Materials and Methods: In this experimental study white male rabbits of New Zealand race were used and divided into two groups. Experimental group (N=10) 6.5 mg/kg of lead acetate were injected intra peritoneal every other day to each animal for 7 weeks as chronic dose and control group (N=10) were injected only with demonized water. After taking biopsy from left ventricular heart tissues of each group, tissue preparation was performed for LM and EM studies as standard method. Morphologic study was carried out on electron micrographs. Data have been compared with statistical methods. Results: Electron microscopic study revealed the nuclei of left ventricular muscles were heterochromatin appearance and abnormality and vacuolization in mitochondria in experimental group when compared with control group. Morphological findings in experimental group showed that histological tissue changes have been more significant to control group (p<0.05). Conclusion: These results suggest that lead acetate had severing effects on heart tissue during chronic dose.

---

Background and Aim: Health fulfillment is based on all effective factors that fulfill it. One of the 11 slogans of 21st century is oral-dental health and it was one of the PHC items before. DMFT is a very simple, fast and reliable index in determining oral-dental health. Grade 3 students of primary school are between deciduous and permanent form dental growth point of view that mixed teeth are observed in this period that make DMFT possible. This study was done to determine oral-dental health status of students with the help of DMFT index in Gonabad city. Materials and Methods: In this descriptive-cross sectional study, all grade 3 students of primary schools (529 students) were checked for oral-dental health statues and interviewed by a dentist. The used instruments were a checklist, DMFT index, questionnaire, once used mirror a special catather. Data were analyzed by SPSS with T-test, correlative coefficient and variation analyses were analyzed. Results: 51.2% of the samples were male and 49.8% female. 77.3% used tooth-brush and 8.32% used from dental floss. DMFT of students in research was 3.86±1.11 and DMFT was 1.04±0.22 that showed no meaningful difference in two semis (p=0.18, p=0.12). The students that had no caries free tooth were 8.3%. One sided variation analysis showed a meaningful relationship between brushing frequencies with the index. Family size and education had a meaningful relationship with DMFT. Conclusion: The results showed that oral-dental health statues of grade 3 students of Gonabad primary school follow the country model and it is fairly well and CF has no meaningful difference with national index but it is average in accordance with WHO goal. Programmed efforts for KAP improvement and using need resources, administration evaluation, costs efficacy of some measures such as fluoride therapy, etc seems necessary.

---

  Abstract

  Background and Aim: Streptococcus mutans are the most important factors of dental cavity in the mortal because the mutans have the ability to synthesize the extracellular polymers and biofilm formation. Biofilm formation from clinical Streptococcus mutans strains from dental plaque in vitro and our purpose was to study the resistance to antimicrobial agents.

  Materials and Methods: In this study, one strain was selected with prevalent ability in biofilm formation for testing antimicrobial agents from among the isolated Streptococcus mutans strains from dental plaque. Biofilms of Streptococcus mutans were constituted on polyacetiren micro plates. The efficacy scale of common antimicrobial agents such as Penicillin, Erythromycin, Tetracycline and Chlorhexidine was evaluated on the number of live biofilm cells in different occasions. MIC for planktonic cells of Streptococcus mutans was determined.

  Results: It was observed that chlorhexidine 0.2 % with 0.09 mg/ml MIC has the most bactericidal effects within a five-minute treatment on biofilm and Tetracycline with 0.3mg/ml MIC has the lowest effect. The OD a ratio of the untreated biofilm to OD of the biofilm containing biocide in the same strain (OD_r) shows that untreated biofilm forms thicker biofilms than that of treated biofilm with effective microbial agents. A constant reduction was observed in the number of living biofilm cells within treatment by Erythromycin and Penicillin.

  Conclusion: This research demonstrated that to eradicatet the living biofilm cells, a density of over 5 MIC of antimicrobial agents is needed.

  Keywords: Antimicrobial agents, biofilms, Streptococcus mutans

 

---

Background and Aim: Nursing is one of the most stressful jobs and the stress involved leads to the nurses' dissatisfaction and abandoning their occupation. The purpose of this study is to determine the level of stress and stress management methods among nurses based on PRECEDE model Materials and Methods: A descriptive-analytical design was used in this study. The sample size was 237 nurses from Hamadan hospitals who completed the scales of PRECEDE, NSS, PSS and Job Satisfaction. The data were analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics (Chi-square, Spearman coefficient of correlation and ANOVA) through SPSS software V.13. Results: The results showed that 51.5% of nurses perceived intermediate level of occupational stress and 5.9% of them had high job stress levels. 40% of the subjects had high level of psychological stress and 75.1% of them were dissatisfied with their jobs. Reverse correlation between job satisfaction and perceived stress was seen (r=-0.231). The level of knowledge was average and enabling factors were low. The majority of subjects (90%) didn't have any reinforcing factors. Conclusion: Due to the nature of nursing job and the results of this study, designing and implementing job stress management programs based on PRECEDE model to decrease job stress and increase job satisfaction are suggested.

---

Background and Aim: Overweight is associated with hormonal and inflammation changes. The acute effect of circuit resistance exercise on these inflammation factors in the obese persons and particularly in girls has almost been overlooked. The purpose of the present study was to examine the response of plasma leptin and CRP to one session of resistance exercise in over-weight girls. Materials and Methods: For this purpose, 10 healthy over-weight girls (age average: 20.44±1.5 years old, height: 160±4.8 cm., weight: 69±6.5 kg., BMI≥26.5 kg/m2, and fat percent: 37.3±3.6) were selected. Incremental circuit resistance training included 10 stations and three circles for which the subjects were trained with 40, 50, and 60 percent of 1RM, respectively. The rest between the stations and circles was 30 seconds and 2-3 minutes, respectively. The blood sample was taken before and immediately after training. One week later, the same samples were taken under similar conditions without training. Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS software V.11.0 and the data were analyzed using a repeated measures analysis of variance (ANOVA). Results: Exercise did not cause a significant change on the plasma level of leptin (P=0.63), C-Reactive Protein (P=0.22) and red blood sell (P=0.64). However, exercise significantly increased white blood sell (P<0.05), and decreased hematocrit (P<0.05) and mean corpuscular volume (P<0.05). Conclusion: Executing exercise with higher intensity and periods and higher energy expenditure and/or exercising in fasting state can probably create more desirable changes in these variables which could be considered in future studies.

---

Aims: The increased level of Hcy is correlated with the early coronary artery disease, heart attack and Atherothrombosis even among individuals with normal levels of cholesterol and reducing the Hcy levels is correlated with the reduced incidence of heart attack. The present study was conducted aiming at investigating the effect of resistance training and detraining on tHcy and group B vitamins on obese girls.

Methods: For the purpose of this semi-experimental study, 24 individuals with a BMI greater than 30, ready to participate in the study were selected using available sampling method as the subjects of the study. They were divided into two equal experimental and control groups. The subjects of experimental group underwent 8 weeks of resistance training and 10 days of detraining. A pretest was taken before the initiation of trainings, posttest 1 after trainings and posttest 2 after detraining period. After taking of blood sample, in each stage of the test, the concentration of plasma Hcy, B₆, B₁₂ and folate vitamins, the content of fat and fat free mass were measured. Data was analyzed using SPSS 16 software and ANOVA with repeated measures.

Results: Just concerning LBM, a significant increase was observed in posttest 1 results in the experimental group comparing the control group (p=0.024 F=6.192). the amount of, B₆, B₁₂ and folate vitamins revealed no difference all over the training course in experimental and control groups (p>0.05). In experimental group, power was increased significantly compared with the control group (p=0.01).

Conclusion: Implementation of 8 weeks resistance training and 10 days detraining do not influence the concentrations of plasma tHcy, vitamins B₆, B₁₂ and folate vitamins in obese girls.

---

Aims: The effect of menstrual cycle and its factors on the health is a significant part in the women studies. In each phases of menstrual cycle, different physiological and hormonal changes occur in females’ body that all affect their performance capacity. This study was undertaken aiming at investigating the effect of menstrual cycle on growth hormone and aerobic power in non-athletic girls.

Methods: This causative cross-sectional post hoc was conducted clinically on the population of 15 to 17 year old girls in Ghom, Iran, who were studying in high schools of the given city in 2010-11 and 15 students were selected using purposive cluster sampling. Subjects referred to the specialized laboratory in three different menstrual cycles including menstruation or menstrual bleeding phase (the third day), follicular phase (the twelfth day) and luteal phase (the twentieth first day) for measurement of growth hormone. Data was analyzed using SPSS 17 and LSD persuasive test.

Results: The mean of growth hormone level in different phases of menstruation, follicular and luteal had a significant difference (p<0.001). However, the mean of aerobic power revealed no significant difference (p>0.05).

Conclusion: In spite of the lack of effect on the aerobic power, different phases of menstrual cycle affect the level of growth hormone in the non-athletic girls of 15-17 years of age however, it doesn’t impose any limitation on aerobic exercise in practice.

---

Aims: Obesity is one of the most common problems in societies which can induce many diseases. Some methods have been suggested and are used for the treatment of obesity which herbal therapy is one of them. The aim of this study was to determine the effect of Fitana herbal compound as an anti-obesity product on weight and blood lipid profile in male Wistar rats.

Methods: In this study 40 male Wistar rats with the average weight of 280-300g were used. The rats were divided into 5 groups as experimental I (200mg/kg of aqueous extract of Fitana), and experimental II (400mg/kg of aqueous extract of Fitana), experimental III (200mg/kg of alcoholic extract of Fitana), control I (negative control) and control II (5mg/kg of Orlistat). Data were analyzed by SPSS 11.5 using Tukey and ANOVA tests.

Results: There was no significant difference in the mean of weight and BMI among experimental groups. Triglyceride level was only decreased significantly in experimental group II (62.62±9.94 p=0.0014) and III (62.12±12.02 p=0.011) in comparison with negative control group (84.37±13.51mg/dl).

Conclusion: Oral consumption of Fitana herbal compound can reduce triglyceride level in blood.

---

Aims: Long-chain omega-3 fatty acids consumed through diet reduces the production of IL-1, IL-6, IL-4, TNF-α by different cells. Osteoporosis increases the risk of bone fractures, particularly in postmenopausal women . The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of canola in comparison to sunflower oil on serum inflammation markers in patients with osteoporosis.

Methods: In a randomized clinical trial, 40 osteoporotic of bone disease center of Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences were selected by available sampling from September 2010 to November 2012. The patients were divided into two groups of canola and sunflower oil. The data were analyzed by SPSS 16 software by coupled and independent T tests.

Results: In sunflower oil group, systolic blood pressure reduced significantly (p=0.001). Serum vitamin D3 was also increased significantly in canola (p=0.03) and sunflower oil groups (p=0.042) at the end of the intervention period in comparison to baseline. Changes of IL-1, IL-4, IL-6, TNF-α level were not significant in the end of the intervention period in comparison to baseline in both groups.

Conclusion: The consumption of canola in comparison to sunflower oil, do not have any effect on reduction of inflammatory biomarkers in osteoporosic.

---

Aims: Pain is a complex sensation that affects the spirit and psychological status and in many cases, using the different drugs for pain relief is required. This study aimed to investigate the effect of alcoholic extract of Brassica rapa root in reducing acute and chronic pain induced by formalin in adult male rats.

Methods: In this experimental study, 40 adult male rats were used that were divided into 5 8membered groups of control, rein, test 1, test 2 and test 3. To cause pain, 0.5ml of 2.5% formalin was injected to the foot of animals subcutaneously . The control group went only under the formalin test. Half an hour before the injection of formalin, the rein group received 1ml of saline and test groups 1, 2 and 3 received doses of 50, 100 and 200mg/kg of alcoholic extract of Brassica rapa roots, respectively. Obtained data was analyzed by using SPSS 18 software and ANOVA and post hoc Tukey tests.

Results: 100 (1.762 ± 0.133) and 200mg/kg (1.550 ± 0.132) of body weight doses of alcoholic extract of Brassica rapa root caused a significant reduction of pain in acute phase in comparison to the control group and 200mg/kg (1.225 ± 0.054) dose of body weight caused a significant reduction of pain in chronic phase in comparison to the control group (1.822 ± 0.114).

Conclusion: Alcoholic extract of Brassica rapa root is useful in pain reducing dose-dependently and time-dependently.

---

Aims: Cerebral ischemia is a condition that to the all or parts of the brain does not reach blood and as a result enough oxygen. Due to the debilitating effects of cerebral ischemia, this study was done to investigate the effect of Gallic acid on passive avoidance memory in adult female rats under bilateral cerebral ischemia condition. Methods: 84 rats were randomly divided into 6 control (C without any manipulation of carotid artery and treatment), Gallic acid control (CGA without any manipulation of carotid artery and treated with Gallic acid), ischemia control (CI manipulated with carotid artery but not occlusion and without treatment), ischemia (I complete and bilateral occlusion of carotid arteries and without treatment), solvent ischemia (IS complete and bilateral occlusion of carotid arteries with normal saline gavage) and Gallic acid ischemia (IGA complete and bilateral occlusion of carotid arteries with Gallic acid gavage) groups each had 14 rats. The shuttle box was used to investigate the passive avoidance learning behavior. Data were analyzed using One-way ANOVA and LSD logistic tests. Results: After the application of electric shocks, the STL time in each of the I and IS groups had significant reduction compared to CI group and in IGA group increased significantly compared to I group. 72 hours after application of electric shock, the STL time in CGA group had a significant increase compared to the CI group and 7 days after the application of electric shock the STL time in IGA group had a significant decrease compared to CI group. Conclusion: Gallic acid increases the passive avoidance memory in rats with cerebral ischemia.

---

Aims: Using chemical drugs to treat disease often is associated with side effects. Recently, using herbal medicines, which have fewer side effects, has flourished to treat many diseases, including infertility. This study was done aimed to investigate the effect of palm pollen aqueous extract on sexual hormones and follicle cells numbers in adult female BALB/c mice. Materials & Methods: This experimental study was done in animal house of Shiraz University of Medical Sciences in 2012. 40 adult female BALB/c mice were divided into 5 control, sham and experimental groups receiving 100, 200 and 400mg/kg of the body weight of the extract groups each with 8 members. Levels of testosterone, estrogen and progesterone were measured by radioimmunoassay and ovarian follicles numbers were counted after separation of the ovaries and sectioning and staining using Hematoxylin & Eosin by light microscopy. The results of hormonal assays were analyzed based on One-way ANOVA and Duncan's multiple range tests using SPSS 18 software. Findings: A significant increase was observed at the level of testosterone, estrogen and progesterone compared to the control group only in the experimental group 3 (receiving 400mg/kg palm pollen extract) (p<0.01). Also, only in the experimental group 3 a significant increase was observed in the number of secondary follicles (p<0.05) and the number of antral follicles (p<0.01) compared to the control. Conclusion: 400mg/kg palm pollen aqueous extract increases the amount of sexual hormones and secondary and antral follicle numbers in adult female mice.

---

Aims: Restriction of fluid intake during Ramadan is one of the most common causes of renal dysfunction. The aim of this study was to compare the effect of one month fasting along with regular exercise on male wrestlers’ electrolytes changes and serum osmolality. Materials & Methods: This semi-experimental study with repeated tests design was done on male wrestlers in Ramadan June and August 2014 (about 16-hour fasting). Among volunteers 9 elite and healthy wrestlers with 8 years experiences were selected using selective available and purposive sampling. Serum electrolytes and body compounds were measured 3 days before the Ramadan, 14 days after fasting and two weeks after Ramadan in the equal conditions. Data were analyzed using analysis of variance of repeated measures test. Findings: Body weight (p=0.001) and the body water amount (p=0.037) were reduced at the end of Ramadan significantly. Urea within group mean changes (p=0.049), Creatinine (p=0.031), Uric Acid (p=0.0001) and Sodium (p=0.01) during Ramadan were increased significantly compared with the beginning of Ramadan. Serum osmolality within group changes mean (p=0.001) increased during Ramadan significantly. Conclusion: Fasting increases serum electrolytes and osmolality in professional athletes.

---

Aims: Turnip is one of the most consumed medicinal plants that seem to have advantageous efficacy on hyperlipidemia. The present work was undertaken to evaluate the hypolipidemic activity of aqueous extract of Brassica rapa root on hyperlipidemic rats. Materials & Methods: In this experimental study 40 male Wistar rats were divided into 5 equal groups normal control, hyperlipidemic control (1ml normal saline once a day), Atorvastatin (10mg/kg of body weight per day) and aqueous extract of Brassica rapa root groups (200 and 400mg/kg of body weight per day) were treated for 10 days. After 18h fasting in 11th day, hyperlipidemia was induced by a single intraperitoneal (IP) injection of triton WR1339 (300mg/kg of body weight) in all groups except normal control. 24 hours after injection, blood collection was done and plasma analyzed for lipid profiles. Data was compared between group s by ANOVA and Tukey tests in SPSS 18 software. Findings: Aqueous extract of Brassica rapa root inhibited the elevation of plasma total cholesterol level at the dose of 200mg/kg of body weight. The extract also decreased LDL cholesterol and triglyceride levels in hyperlipidemic rats significantly but in compare to normal control group these levels were significantly high (p<0.05). Conclusion: The consumption of turnip may act as a potent antihyperlipidemic nutrient for patients with dyslipidemia, cardiovascular and diabetes diseases.

---

Aims: The aim of the present study was to examine the effects of two exercise programs (respiratory muscles resistance and specific respiratory muscle) on physical and respiratory function in patient with asthma. Materials & Methods: In this semi-experimental study that was done in 2013-14, 23 asthmatic women who had the history of hospitalization in Vasei Hospital of Sabzevar City, Iran during 2006 to 2013 were selected by random sampling method and were divided randomly to three groups respiratory muscles resistance exercise (weight training movement including lift, fly, bench press, lat pull down, crunch and rowing), specific respiratory muscle exercise (inhale against the resistance by using a especial device) and control. The trainings were performed for 8 weeks. All samples were examined for spirometry, strength, muscular resistance, and the maximum respiratory muscle strength before and after the exercise program. Statistical analysis was done in SPSS 18 software by ANOVA and Scheffe post hoc tests. Findings: Respiratory indexes FEV1 (p=0.038) and FVC (p=0.016) and also general strength (p=0.0001) and the respiratory muscles strength (p=0.001), were significantly increased in respiratory muscles resistance exercise group. Conclusion: Performing respiratory muscles resistance exercises can improve pulmonary function and strength and endurance of patients with asthma but it does not seem that using the training respiratory muscle device have any impress on improving this index.