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Abstract Background and Aim: Macroprolactinemia in which most circulating PRL forms Big Big PRL (>150KD), is a major causes of Idiopathic Hyperprolactinemia with mild or lack of symptoms. We aimed in this study to introduce a simple and inexpensive polyethylene Glycol precipitation test (PEG)for macroprolactin evaluation and avoiding other expensive diagnostic investigations also evaluation of classic hyperprolactinemia symptoms in macroprolactinemic patients Materials and Methods: In this descriptive study, serum prolactin was measured before and after precipitation of macroprolactin by polyethylene glycole in 90 patients with hyperprolactinemia (PRL>30µg/L), furthermore clinical and radiographic findings recorded. Results: 18.8% of cases were macroprolactinemic without hyperprolactinemic classic symptom. Conclusion: Regarding to high prevalence of macroprolactinemia and lack of classic symptoms of hyperprolactinemia and to avoid diagnostic and trapeutic pitfalls the screening for macroprolactin in all hyperprolactinmia recommended.

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Background and Aim: Teaching human anatomy, at any level, relies not only on the expertise of a tutor but also on the availability and use of good teaching aid. Plastination specimens have unique position as a teaching aid to exhibit accurate anatomical structures and easy to be stored and handled by students. The aim of this study was to prepare plastinated specimen of trunk, by Survey of vessels color ability rate via colored polymer in S10 plastination technique. Materials and Methods: This study performed on a human body after fixation of the cadaver .The colored polymer was prepared by mixing red colored paste with polyester and the cobalt (accelerator) and peroxide (hardening material) was added to it. The prepared colored material was injected into the body through femoral artery by the naso-gastric catheter with the help of the hydraulic pump. After a few days when the colored polymer dried up, dissection (Posterior trunk, spinal cord and medulla oblongata), dehydration, defatization and impregnation of the body was carried out. Finally the prepared plastinated specimen was compared with the standard plastinated model. Results: The prepared plastinated specimen was dried, in toxic and without noxious fumes also spinal cord and medulla oblongata have showed a normal anatomical position of structure and flexibility, elasticity and traction was compared with a similar one of standard specimen. The obtained result showed that the P-value was 0.05 and the standard error was (0.382±-0.4600). Colored polymer into the arteries and colored vein was easy for detection. Conclusion: According to this study, the P-value was greater than 0.05, which shows no significant difference statistically. The plastinated specimen prepared by injecting colored polymer into the arteries, provided an excellent opportunity to demonstrate and reduction in toxic and noxious fumes of formalin, durability and safety.

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Background and Aim: Treatment of thoracic outlet syndrome is a challenging problem for the physiotherapists and the conservative approach preferred for treatment. The purpose of this study was to determine and to compare the effects of stretching and nerve mobilization exercises on pain intensity and upper extremity functions in patients with thoracic outlet syndrome. Materials and Methods: For this double-blind, randomized controlled trail, 20 patients with thoracic outlet syndrome aging 34.95±12.9 years were recruited from zahedan physiotherapy clinics. The patients were randomly assigned to either a stretching (n=10) or a nerve mobilization groups (n=10). Before and after three weeks treatment, shoulder range of motion (degree), pain intensity (ordinal), two point discrimination(mm) and shoulder function (ordinal) were measured using goniometer, visual pain scale, caliper and shoulder pain and disability index, respectively. Independent and paired T-tests were used for comparisons between and within groups, respectively. Results: The mean of shoulder pain and disability index decreased from 92.3±9.6 to 40.5±13.9 in the stretching exercises group and from 81.0±16.3 to 25.0±12.6 in the nerve mobilization group (P>0.05). After treatment, the mean of shoulder pain and disability index decrement was greater in the nerve mobilization group than the stretching one (P>0.05). The mean range of motion of shoulder increased in both groups (P>0.05). However, no significant difference was seen between two groups in measures of shoulder joint range of motion, pain intensity and two point discrimination (P<0.05). Conclusion: Both the stretching and nerve mobilization exercises decrease pain intensity and improve hand two point discrimination, shoulder function and joint ranges of motion. However, in order to improve shoulder function, the nerve mobilization exercises are more effective than other one.

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Background and Aim: Computer and technology widespread today through the world has engaged everybody in such a way and this has produced some anxiety and stresses in turn for operators. The purpose of this research is to study computer anxiety rate among faculty members and managers. Materials and Methods: In this descriptive study and for this purpose, 200 faculty members and managers were selected by using the stratified random sampling method. In this research two questionnaires were used: demographic characteristics and Computer Anxiety Rating Scale (CARS). Content, discrimination and concurrent validity of the questionnaires were established using a panel of experts. Reliability of CARS with using test-retest 0.92 was obtained. Research method is descriptive. In present study five hypotheses was tested. To analyze data, t-test was used. Results: Results of research showed that: 1)There is a relationship between rate computer anxiety and sex (t=2.543,p<0.05). 2) There isn't any relationship between rate computer anxiety and experience with computer (t=0.525,p>.05). 3) There is a relationship between rate computer anxiety and level of education (t=2.776,p<.05).3). 4) There is a relationship between rate computer anxiety and job experience (t=2.279,p<.05). 5) There is a relationship between rate computer anxiety and type of Job (t=0.179,p<0.05). Conclusion: This research indicated that there is a relationship between rate computer anxiety and demographic characteristics.

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  Background and Aim: Nowadays, We have focused our attention to herbal medicines because of their side effects and expensiveness of chemical drugs . In this research, we evaluated antinociceptive effects of hydroalcoholic extract of L actuca sativa longifolia leaves using tail-flick and formalin test in male mice.

  Materials and Methods: We evaluated antinociceptive effects of hydroalcoholic exract of L actuca sativa longifolia leaves at doses of 85, 165,330,660 and 1300 mg/kg. All injections were administered intraperitoneally. Sham group received normal saline and Morphine group (1 mg/ kg i.p.) was used as positive control. The possible mechanisms of antinociceptive action of the extract were also investigated by pretreatment with Naloxane (1mg/kg i.p.) .

  Results: Hydroalcoholic extract of L actuca sativa longifolia leaves exhibited significant antinociceptive activity at doses of 165,330,660 and 1300 mg/kg in tail flick test, and maximal inhibitions were observed at doses of 660 and 1300 mg/kg (P<0.01). This extract showed antinociceptive effect at doses of 660 and 1300 mg/kg in the first phase of formalin test. The maximal effect was observed at dose of 660mg/kg, and lactuca sativa longifolia leaves extract showed significant decrease in Licking time at doses of 330,660 and 1300 mg/kg in the second phase of formalin test (P<0.001). Antinociceptive effect of hydroalcoholic extract of LS was inhibited by a Naloxane pretreatment .

  Conclusion: This study presents a remarkable antinociceptive effect which supported the traditional use of lactuca sativa longifolia. Furthermore, it seems that opioid pathway is one of the possible mechanisms of antinociceptive effect of the extract.

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Aims: One of the most important needs of hospitalized patients in intensive care units is patients visiting by their family members, but it is very limited in these units. The aim of this study was to determine the effect of increased visiting to patients’ time on pain and level of consciousness of hospitalized patients in intensive care units.

Materials & Methods: In this clinical trial, 60 hospitalized patients in intensive care units of Vali-Asr Hospital in Arak City, Iran, in 2013-2014 were selected by convenience sampling method and were randomly assigned into intervention and control groups. Each visiting was done for 10 minutes, 3 times a day (9- and 12am and 15pm) in the intervention group and for 10 minutes once a day (15pm) in the control group. Then patients’ pain and level of consciousness was measured before, during, and after 10 and 30 minutes of visiting by family. Data was analyzed in SPSS 20 software using Chi-square, paired T, independent T, and repeated measure ANOVA tests.

Findings: There was no significant difference between pain and level of consciousness between 2 groups before intervention (p>0.05). There was no significant difference between the means of pain and level of consciousness before and 30min after the visiting at 15pm in control group (p>0.05). There were significant differences between the means of pain before and 30min after visiting at 9am, 12am and 15pm in intervention group (p<0.05), but no significant differences were seen in the level of consciousness (p>0.05). 

Conclusion: Increasing the time of visiting to patients decreases the pain of the hospitalized patients in intensive care units.

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Aims: The installation of intravenous catheter is an unpleasant and painful experience for many patients. Then, it is necessary to provide new methods to either reduce or remove pain in the patients’ injection point. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of positioning (either sitting or lying) during the installation of intravenous catheter on pain level and the following anxiety in the patients.

Instrument & Methods: In the two-blinded clinical trial study, 60 patients hospitalized in the internal wards of Arak Amir-Al-Momenin Hospital were studied in 2015. The subjects selected via available method were divided into two groups including sitting and supine groups based on the simple random allocation. The pain severity and anxiety severity indices were investigated in both groups before and after the venipuncture based on the visual analogue scale (VAS). Data was analyzed by SPSS 20 software using Chi-square, paired-T, and independent T tests.

Findings: Mean scores of anxiety before the venipuncture in both groups were not significantly different (p>0.05). Nevertheless, after the venipuncture, mean anxiety score and mean pain score in sitting group were significantly more than supine group (p=0.0001). In addition, mean scores of anxiety before and after the venipuncture in the supine group were significantly different (p=0.0001). However, no significant difference was observed between the scores before and after the venipuncture in sitting group (p>0.05).

Conclusion: During the installation of intravenous catheter, the supine position can reduce the pain level and the following anxiety in the patients compared to the sitting position.

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Aims: Non-alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease (NAFLD) by disturbing endothelial dysfunction, increases the carotid intima media thickness (cIMT). Therefore, the purpose of this study was to investigate the Combined effect of aerobic training and low-calorie diet on body composition, blood pressure and cIMT in men with NAFLD.

Materials & Methods: In this quasi-experimental Study, thirty four patients with NAFLD were selected purposefully. The participants were randomly divided into two groups, intervention group (combined of aerobic training and low-calorie diet) (n=17) and control group (n=17). The aerobic training program included eight weeks running on a treadmill with maximum heart rate intensity of 55-75% for 45 minutes three times a week. Low calorie diet with an energy deficit of 500 calories of daily energy intake that was calculated from 3-day food records of patients. Before the beginning of the study and at the end of the eighth week, body composition, Lipid profile, Alanine transaminase, Aspartate transaminase, blood pressure and cIMT of all the participants were assessed. The data were analyzed at the significant level of P <0.05.

Findings: In the intervention group, the right cIMT and left cIMT in the post test had a significant decrease compared to the pretest (P <0.05). Also, weight, BMI, waist to hip ratio and systolic blood pressure significantly decreased (P <0.05). After intervention, there was a significant difference between the two groups in all variables ( P <0.05).

Conclusion: In this study, eight weeks of aerobic exercise and low calorie diet interactions improved body composition, blood pressure and cIMT in men with NAFLD. Therefore, these interventions are likely to be useful interventions in reducing the cardiovascular risk factors and risk factors associated with NAFLD.

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Aims: Blood Group Antigens (ABO) are present on the surface of all cells, including urinary tract cells. Besides, they are a predisposing factor for infection in various parts of the body. The present study aimed to determine the prevalence of bacteriuria and its relationship with different blood groups.
Methods & Materials: This descriptive-analytical (cross-sectional) study was performed in 2019 on 400 pregnant women who were selected by convenience sampling method. For each pregnant woman referring to Allameh Behlool Hospital in Gonabad City, Iran, a form including patients’ demographic characteristics, medical history, and blood type was completed. Data analysis was performed in SPSS using descriptive statistics and the Chi-squared test. The significance level of the tests was considered P<0.05.
Findings: Of the explored 400 pregnant women with a Mean±SD age of 27.31±5.9 years, 58 were bacterially positive. There was a significant relationship between bacteriuria and ABO blood groups (P=0.001). The examined pregnant women with blood groups O (48.3) and B (29.3) were at higher risk of bacteriuria. There was a significant relationship between bacteriuria and gestational age (P=0.016); accordingly, 56.9% of the study subjects with bacteriuria were in the third trimester. There was no significant relationship between bacteriuria and educational level (P=0.944), and place of residence (P=0.494).
Conclusion: The prevalence of bacteriuria among referred pregnant women was measured to be 14.5%. Moreover, pregnant women in the third trimester of pregnancy with blood types O and B were at higher risks for bacteriuria. Therefore, considerations, such as advising this group about the susceptibility to bacteriuria and urinary tract infections, personal hygiene, and faster referral for diagnostic and therapeutic measures if presenting symptoms, as well as informing doctors and obstetricians about this condition and help to make faster decisions are recommended in this respect.

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Aims: This study aimed to investigate the effect of reading, writing, and math training on the mental state of schizophrenic patients.
Methods & Materials: This clinical trial was performed on 60 patients with schizophrenia at Sina Hospital, Chaharmahal and Bakhtiari Province, Iran. The patients were selected using a simple sampling method. The patients were randomly divided into two groups of patients undergoing routine treatment (control group) and patients under routine treatment with educational intervention (intervention group). In the intervention group, a trained person of the center held writing, reading, and math training sessions three days a week, each session for a maximum of 1 hour for six months. The study data were collected using Anderson’s positive and negative symptoms questionnaire and the mini-mental state examination. The obtained data were analyzed by SPSS version 18 using the Chi-square test, Mann-Whitney test, and repeated measures analysis of variances.
Findings: General scores of positive symptoms (P=0.038), hallucinations (P=0.033), delusions (P=0.023), and formal positive thought disorder (P=0.029) in the third measurement of the study were significantly lower in the intervention group than in the control group. Regarding the negative symptoms, in the third measurement, the affective blunting was significantly lower in the intervention group than in the control group (P=0.039). Mini-mental state examination score was also higher in the third measurement in the intervention group than in the control group (P=0.013).
Conclusion: Reading, writing, and math education can be effective in improving the positive and less pronouncedly negative symptoms of patients with schizophrenia and improving their cognitive symptoms.