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Background and Aim: Acute myocardial infarction (AMI) is one of the most common diseases today. One of the important issues which are under attention of searchers is to diagnose AMI accurately using paraclinic methods. The aim of this study was to determine the level of two important biochemical markers of AMI cardiac troponin I and T. Materials and Methods: This study was a descriptive-analytic study, which was performed on 100 patients in whom-according to criteria of WHO and references-diagnosing of AMI is definite, in second day of admission in CCU, cardiac markers including troponin I using qualitative immunochromatography assay and cardiac troponin T using third generation cTnT detection assay (CARDIAC) and also total creatine kinase (CK) was measured and record for patients. This information was recorded in a special data sheet and than analyzed by using SPSS, Chi-Square and t-test. Results: Mean age of patients was 59.73±12.57. 38 patients were women and 62 of them were men. 83 of patients ( 83%) had positive troponin I, 97 (97%) had values of troponin T more than 0.1 mg/ml (indicating AMI) and also 93 patients (93%) had total CK value more than normal. Conclusion: Troponin T is a more sensitive marker for diagnosis of AMI comparing with other cardiac markers of AMI in 24 h after AMI.

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Background and Aim: Coronary heart disease (CHD) is one of the most common health problems in the world’s with high mortality and morbidity. Awareness to its risk factors is very important. There are some evidences about contribution of iron as a risk factor for CHD in recent years.Ther is few studies in this subject at the present. This study was done to determine serum ferritin and acute myocardial infarction and it's impossible role on early coronary vessels. Materials and Methods: In this cross-sectional study, 104 patients with myocardial infarction (MI),admitted to Shahid Beheshti hospital in Babol during 18 months as case group compared with 138 matched controls subjects (men 45,women 93) from regarding to serum ferritin levels.5 ml Serum were collected from each patient and ferritin level was determined by using standard biochemical and Elisa method. In last day of the second week after acute MI in the laboratory. To diagnose acute MI was based on two positive parameters such as typical chest pain,electrocardiographic changes and enzyme rising .Ferritin mean level of the two groups were compared by T and chi-square tests. Case and control group ferritin were compared in less and higher then 50 years old. Results: The mean age of patients, were 60.2312 years old and in controls were 55.72 25 years old. Mean ferritin levels in men with acute MI were 209.2178.6 g/l and in controls were 75.453.2 which was significant (P<0.0001). In the women with acute MI mean serum ferritin were 145.115.2 g/l which was meaningful compared with controls, 72.561.3 g/l (P<0.004). Conclusion: Our findings showed, the relationship between ferritin levels and MI in patients with acute MI. therefore evaluation of ferritin in patients with acute myocardial infarction is important.

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Background and Aim: One of the most useful therapeutic methods as a rehabilitation supportive technique is the use of backward running in patients with motional restrictions (especially in patients with anterior cruciate damage).As cardio-pulmonary Function is affected during physical activities. This project was conducted to evaluate the effects of backward running in comparison forward and backward running in a comparison Forward method by indirect measurements. Materials and Methods: The method used was known Bruce protocol which able to evaluate the variables indirectly, the cases included 20 healthy young males that were selected randomly They had to do forward and backward running in weekly intervals assess variable (cardio pulmonary responses ) Forward and backward running and results comparisoned. Results: All the variable rates were increased associated with both running methods that were higher in forward running in comparisons with backward running method (P=0.0001). Conclusion: As backward running method transmitted force pattelo-femoral joint (knee) is lower then forward running could be applicable in-patient with knee surgery or anterior knee pain for maintaining of cardio-pulmonary health.

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Background and Aim: Many studies have reported a circadian variation with a peak in the rate of acute myocardial infarction in mornings. The purpose of this study is further analysis of circadian patterns with which symptoms of AMI occur in a different population with different characteristics that influence their physiologic status. Materials and Methods: A descriptive study was done on 246 patients with the diagnosis of AMI. Patients were questioned about their activity during 30 minutes prior to onset of pain, exposure to stress in the past 24 hours, history of diseases and cardiac medications. The frequency of symptom related to attacks within four periods of 6 hours (6 Am to 12 MD, 12 MD to 6 PM, 6PM to 12 MN, and 12 MN to 6 Am) in all samples and sub groups were gathered.The data were analyzed using Chi-Square test and analysis of variance test. Results: The data revealed no significant circadian variation, regarding to attacks of acute myocardial infarction. However, statistically significant relation between the onset time and physical activity (P<0.0001), and stress exposure before pain (P<0.05) was observed, also no significant relationship between onset time and other variables was noticed. Conclusion: The findings were in contrast to previous reports, and no circadian rhythm was observed in occurrence of AMI so further studies are required to clarify the presence of circadian rhythm in onset of AMI and interaction between endogenous and exogenous rhythms and ischemic events in different population with different conditions.

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Abstract: Background and Aim: Recently attentions to intensive care unit environments is essential because of multiplied disadvantages of undesirable environment in high risk newborn therefore determination and collection of standards for accurate practice in hospital and health centers. Materials and Methods: This research is a multiple triangulation done in years 2004-2006. First international standards were extracted from world wide webs. The using Delphi method, these standards as well as the view points of 15 clinical medical sciences experts were complied to set suggested standards in environmental health finding and in the third stage, 42 clinical medical sciences experts of the country were selected. And their suggestions were investigated regarding desirability and applicability of these standards to the executive and sociocultural situations in Iran through a descriptive survey method. The results of this stage were analyzed via descriptive statistics. Results: In the first stage standards were extracted of lo controls and states. The suggestions and assertions made by experts regarding the suitability and applicability to the environmental situations in Iran were studied and standards in environmental health were drafted and were finally approved by an 80-100 desirability percent rate. Conclusion: The findings of the third step of the research showed that most of the environmental health standards had either appropriate or fairly appropriate level. So necessary changes in final standards have been made based on subjects, viewpoint and suggestions facilities standards suggested for Iran. The findings of this research are hoped to contribute to the enhancement of the quality in Iran.

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  Abstract

  Background and Aim: Verbalization of thought indicates a verbalizing process and strategies of thinking. The purpose of the present study is to identify the effect of verbalization of thinking on problem solving performance.

  Material and Methods: In this experimental study, fifty students of Zanjan University (18 females and 32 males with a mean age of 22.48 years old) were selected with random sampling. Then, they were assigned to two groups of aloud and mute thinking randomly. Missionaries and Cannibals Problem was used for evaluation and independent t-test was used for data analysis.

  Results: The findings showed that thinking aloud caused reducing the time of problem solving, and the number of legal and illegal moves (p< 0.05).

  Conclusion : Oral presentation of problem solving strategies can decrease errors and increase velocity of problem solving.

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Background and Aim: Cyanide is a highly toxic compound which is found normally in the wastewater of numerous industries, such as Electroplating. The release of this compound into the environment has a lot of health hazards. The Purpose of this study was to compare the electrochemical oxidation efficiency with chemical precipitation method for cyanide removal from industrial wastewater. Materials and Methods: This study was conducted experimentally in a pilot system. In this study, the optimum conditions such as pH , Fe/CN- and reaction time were investigated in the Ferrous Sulfate precipitation method for cyanide removal from wastewater of electroplating industries by the use of jar test. It also investigated the effect of pH, voltage and operation time for total cyanide removal by electrochemical oxidation method by applying a stainless steel as an anode and copper as a cathode. And finally, the efficiency of two methods was compared. Results: In the Ferrous Sulfate Precipitation method, the optimal conditions were obtained for the removal of cyanide at (pH 6/5, and 10:1 Molar Ratio and Operation Time 60 minutes). In these conditions, the removal efficiency was 93 percent. In the electrochemical method, the optimal conditions were obtained at the voltage of 9V and pH=13 and the operation time of 90 minutes in which the average percentage removal of cyanide was about 88 with SD=2.43. The results statistically confirmed the significant relationship between cyanide removal efficiency and optimal conditions in both methods (p< 0.05). But comparison of the two methods showed that the cyanide removal efficiency in the electrochemical method was as much as the chemical precipitation method. Conclusion: Due to the high cyanide removal efficiency and achieving the standards for effluent disposal to the environment, it seems that ferrous Sulfate precipitation method is more useful.

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Background and Aim: Allergic diseases are among the most important health problems in childhood. In this study, we decided to compare the prevalence of asthma, allergic rhinitis, and eczema in rural and urban children in Gonabad. Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted in the city of Gonabad in 1390. 1626 urban and rural children aged 12-18 years participated in this study using multi-stage sampling. International Study of Asthma and Allergies in Childhood questionnaire (ISAAC) was used to evaluate the prevalence of allergic symptoms in children. Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS software version 16. The Chi-Square tests were used for comparison of qualitative variables between the two groups. Odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) were calculated to show the strength of association. A two-tailed analysis was considered statistically significant (p<0.05). Results: Of the 1626 students, 876 (53.8%) were boys and 751 (46.2%) were girls. Mean age of children was 14.5±1.8. 1219 (74.9%) of students were living in urban and 407 (25.1%) were living in rural areas. 617 (38%) of students had at least one allergic symptom at some time in their life and there was no statistical difference between rural and urban ones (p-value=0.141). However, a 12-month prevalence of rhinitis symptoms was significantly higher in urban children than that in rural ones (p-value=0.020). Conclusion: The prevalence of allergic rhinitis was higher in urban children than that in rural ones which may be related to urbanization risk factors.

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Aims: Hypomagnesemia is observed in 15-10% of patients admitted to the hospital and in 40-60% of intensive care units patients. This study was done to investigate the prevalence of hypomagnesemia in patients undergoing elective surgery in the first 24 hours of hospitalization. Methods: In this interventional cross-sectional study, 60 patients undergoing elective abdominal surgery with general anesthesia and were admitted to the ICU were selected using simple sampling method. Age, gender, height, weight, body mass index (BMI), SAPS number, the probability of mortality based on SAPS, sodium, total magnesium, calcium, potassium and plasma phosphorus levels within 24 hours of hospitalization and the total urinary excretion of magnesium in the first 24-hour of hospitalization at ICU was measured and recorded. Independent T and Chi square tests were used for statistical analysis. Results: Serum magnesium, sodium, potassium, calcium and phosphorus and demographic characteristics (age, gender, weight, height and BMI), did not show any significant correlations with total magnesium deficiency of body after loading of magnesium dosage. Also there was no significant correlation between total magnesium deficiency of body after magnesium dosage loading and the duration of being at ICU. But there was a significant difference in total magnesium deficiency of body after dosage loading of magnesium with expected mortality rate of patients using SAPS parameter (p=0.013). Conclusion: Magnesium Serum level is an unreliable indicator of hypomagnesemia. The greater the total magnesium deficiency of the body, the worse the prognosis is.

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Aims: The birth of an infant requiring cares in the neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) is one of the stressful sources in life. The aim of this study was to determine the stressful sources in mothers of infants in NICU. 

Instrument & Methods: In the descriptive study, all mothers of infants hospitalized in NICU of Hajar Hospital in Shahr-e-Kord were studied in 2011. The subjects (n=110) were selected by census method. Data was collected by family information form and Miles and Funk’s parent stress questionnaire.  Data was analyzed by SPSS 18 software using Spearman and Kruskal-Wallis correlation analyses noticing data abnormality.

Findings: There were no significant correlation between educational level, type of child birth, mother’s job, and residence place and mothers’ stressors (p>0.05). There were significant and reverse correlations between environmental stressor and birth weight of infant (p=0.025; r=-0.213), mother’s age (p=0.034; r=-0.203), and income (p=0.002; r=-0.292). There was no significant correlation between relation stressor and any demographic characteristics. There were significant correlations between the status of home resident and environmental (p=0.031), face (p=0.008), and relation (p=0.0001) stressors.

Conclusion: The mothers describe their own experiences of NICU as stressful. In addition, the environmental stressors affect such experiences in the highest level.

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Aims Self-care helps older people manage their own health and stay independent by delaying disability. This study aimed to apply the Backman Model in determining the dimensions of self-care and the factors affecting it in the elderly in Tehran.
Methods & Materials: This cross-sectional study was performed on 400 elderly members ofnursing homes by systematic random sampling. Data gathering tool included demographic characteristics and self-care behaviors, self-care orientation, life satisfaction assessment, self-confidence, social support, and functional capability. The Chi-square and Pearson correlationand regression analysis were used with a significance coefficient of 0.05. The data were analyzed in SPSS v. 19.
Findings: The total mean ages of elderly were 69.11±7.51, 42.5% male. There was significant difference between the types of self-care and gender only in the dimensions of work habits (P<0.001) and medical treatment (P<0.001). Pearson correlation indicated there was a direct and positive relationship between self-care type and self-care orientation (r=0.662, P=0.01). The relationship between self-care type and social support was negative (r=0.075, P=0.01).
Conclusion: Factors such as life satisfaction, functional capacity, social support and self-confidence are associated with self-care in the elderly. It is suggested that health system policymakers formulate support programs for the elderly in various forms, such as the elderly access to transportation program, facilities, tax exemptions, etc.

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Aims: Ovarian cancer is the most common fatal malignancy of the female genital tract and is often at an advanced stage when diagnosed. Ginger is one of the most well-known medicinal plants with antioxidant and anti-cancer properties. SORT1 gene is overexpressed in ovarian cancer cell lines. The present study evaluates the anti-cancer effects of ginger extract on SORT1 gene expression and viability of the A2780s ovarian cancer cell line.
Methods & Materials: The viability percentage of the A2780s ovarian cancer cells with ginger extract at concentrations of 40, 60, 80, and 100 μg/mL compared to the control group was evaluated by the Neubauer slide method for 24 hours, and IC50 of the ginger extract was determined within 24 hours. Then, the viability percentage of the cells with 60 μg/mL of ginger extract was investigated at 24, 48, and 72 hours. After treating cells with ginger extract, the cells’ RNA was extracted at 24 and 48 hours, then cDNA was synthesized. Finally, the expression of the SORT1 gene was evaluated compared to the GAPDH gene (reference gene) using real-time PCR.
Findings: Ginger extract in a dose- and time-dependent manner inhibited the viability of ovarian cancer cells. The ginger extract reduced SORT1 gene expression in A2780s cells.
Conclusion: The ginger extract has significant inhibitory activity against A2780s ovarian cancer cells. Therefore, with further research, this compound can be used to develop ovarian anti-cancer drugs.

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Aims TORCH syndrome is responsible for 2% to 3% of all congenital anomalies caused by Toxoplasma gondii (T. gondii), rubella virus (RV), cytomegalovirus (CMV), and herpes simplex virus (HSV). The current study aims to determine the prevalence of TORCH infection in women in Mashhad City, Iran. 
Methods & Materials This cross-sectional study was conducted on 417 patients who were referred to 3 laboratories in Mashhad City, Iran. The laboratory data were collected from ​April 2016 to March 2020 to detect the specific immunoglobulin G (IgG) and immunoglobulin M (IgM) against the TORCH syndrome. 
Findings The specific IgG antibodies were found to be positive for CMV in 402 cases (96.4%), RV in 394 cases (94.5%), and T. gondii in 80 cases (19.2%). Moreover, 7 (1.6%) of the participants were found to be positive for anti-CMV IgM, 6 (1.4%) for anti-IgM RV, and 8 (1.9%) for anti-IgM T. gondii. In addition, the relationship between age and anti-T. gondii IgG in the age group of 37-47 years was 6. 44 times higher than the age group of 17-27 years. The relationship between age and anti-CMV IgG in the age group of 27-37 years was 4.13 times higher than in the age group of 37-47 years. 
Conclusion All women in their reproductive age should be regularly screened for TORCH syndrome to prevent congenital TORCH syndrome. 

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Abstract
Background
Septic shock, a complication characterized by altered tissue perfusion. Renal resistive index (RRI) reflects changes in intrarenal perfusion. The present study aimed at investigating changes in RRI during resuscitation of patients with septic shock and evaluating its relationship with perfusion parameters.
Methods
The present prospective observational study was performed on all patients diagnosed with septic shock from July 2018 to September 2019. Demographic characteristics of the study subjects were recorded and their hemodynamic, paraclinical, and RRI values were measured at three time points of on arrival, and 30 and 120 minutes and six hours after admission, by ultrasound.
Results
A total of 109 subjects entered data analysis; their mean age was 67.62 ± 14.67 years, of which 65 (59.1) were male. The RRI values were 0.71 ± 0.27, on arrival, at 30  and 0.70 ± 0.1 on 60 minutes, at six hours after treatment onset, respectively, showing that RRI values decreased during the study (P-value= 0.00).
Conclusion
A decrease in RRI value during resuscitation is associated with an increase in MAP in patients with septic shock. RRI can be used as an indicator of tissue perfusion in the treatment process and volume assessment of patients with septic shock.