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Background and Aim: The recent strategies of research in education is based on usinglearning strategies for education development and facilating learning process. The strategies importance as a way and method of improving education level is known for all today. Since a few researches has been done on this subject , we did a research called,The survey of using learning strategies rate on Gonabad medical sciences students in 2002-3 Materials and Methods: This is a pilot survey that its samples were all Gonabad medical students ,121 students were selected through random quota. Data were collected by a questionnaire containing demographic features and learning strategies questions of Weinstein.The data were analysed by T-test, and correlation coefficient. Results: The most frequency was related to nursing students with 35.5%, Midwifery students, 28.1%, health students 14.0%, controlling disease students 8.3%, operation room students 7.4% and anesthesia students 5.8%. The average students marks of attitude, motivation, time control, anxiety and concentration showed a meaning full statistical difference between different students(p<0.05). Exam strategies had a meaningful relationship with education development(p<0.05). The average marks of motivation had a meaningfull statistical difference with duration of studying in the library(p<0.05). The average marks of the student’s were 20 to 30 centile of normal marks of American students. Conclusion: It is recommended to teach these strategies to students to use them in learning and improve their abilities for improving education quality.

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Background and Aim: According to the results of some experimental and clinical investigations magnetic fields at some densities can affect in many biological and physiological processes such as brain activities. This study was performed to investigate the effects of an alternative current (AC) magnetic field (MF) on the susceptibility, severity, and durations of Pentylenetetrazol (PTZ)-induced epileptiform convulsions in wistar rats. Materials and Methods: The magnetic field was generated using a solenoid and calibrated with a teslameter. Male wistar rats (3 month, 250-300g), were exposed to a 50 HZ magnetic field at densities of 5 and 10 millitesla (mt) in three periods of life: 1) In embryonic period for 30 min./day. Then these rats received intraperitoneal injections of PTZ. 2) After birth for 4 weeks (30 min per day, 7 days per week). These rats also received PTZ injections at the end of the 4th week. 3) Adults, in two groups, chronic and acute: a) In chronic group, rats were exposed for 5 weeks (30 min per day, 4 days per week) to MF (5 mt), and at the end of this period PTZ injections were performed. b) In acute group, rats were received PTZ injections simultaneously under magnetic field exposure (5 and 10 mt). All above groups and controls received intraperitoneal (IP) injections of PTZ (in three stages, 25mg/kg in each stage, with 15 min. intervals), if rats showed generalized (tonic-clonic) convulsions, injections were stopped. For seizures evaluation, latent periods and durations of each form of convulsion were calculated. Results: No significant differences in severity and susceptibility of seizures and epileptiform convulsions were observed between control and experimental groups. Only some groups showed a significant decrease in latent periods of convulsions. Conclusion: These findings indicate that under the conditions examined, severity and susceptibility to PTZ induced epileptiform seizures are not affected by exposure to the above mentioned magnetic fields. Taken together with previous data, this suggests that if magnetic fields do alter neuronal activity, the effect is likely to be extremely subtle.

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Background and Aim: The pituitary gland constitutes Anterior, intermediate (collectively, adenohypophysis), and posterior lobes. It is believed that pituitary arises from two different anlagen, the first one arises from Osteomodeum as an up growth to form Rathke’s pouch, and the second one, develops as a down growth from the floor of the diencephalon to form posterior pituitary gland. The aim of this study was to survey the pituitary developmental stages practically as a pilot study and comparison of Normalin, Carnoy’s, Bouin and B4G fixatives effects. Materials and Methods: In this experimental study, we used 5µm thickness Normalin, Carnoy’s, Bouin and B4G fixed, paraffin embedded serial sections. Rat embryonic sections from day 10 (E10) to 20(E20) of gestation (n=30) were stained with Haematoxyline and Eosin (H&E). Results: The result of this study demonstrated that the formation of Rathke’s pouch started from E10, and changed during its morphogenesis to E20 to form pituitary gland. At the first developmental stage (E10) to17 (E17) gestational day all the adenohypophyseal cells reacted with Hematoxiline and reaction of some adenohypophyseal cells with Eosin started from gestational day18 (E18) and increased with proceeding differentiation during the following days and Carnoy’s fixed specimen yielded the best results effectively. Conclusion: Our findings indicate that practical review of Rathke’s pouch show changes during pituitary development and its cell differentiation using H&E staining and Carnoy’s fixative can be used in more advanced techniques to determine developmental stages.

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Background and Aim:Obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD) is one of the most common of the mental disorder that influences all aspects of life.The aim of this study is to Measure The knowledge rate and attitude level of people in Gonabad . Materials and Methods:The samples of this descriptive – analytical study were people who received services from health services centers of Gonabad on 1384 that was selected randomly. This descriptive – analytic study was performed on 252 randomly selected people in Gonabad. Results: The result showed that %50/4 people had weak knowledge toward obsessive compulsive disorder and it showed %75.4 had good attitude toward this disorder.%77 Of the samples had weak knowledge to sign and symptoms of OCD , %84/9 to etiology , %94.8 to treatment had weak knowledge. Conclusion: The x2 was showed that there is not a meaningful relationship between knowledge and attitude with demographic data. But knowledge rate showed a meaningful differences between education degree.

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Abstract Background and Aim: Teucrium polium (TP) is one of the herbal medicaments which used as a visceral analgesic agent. The aim of this survey was to compare the effects of TP aqueous extract and morphine on tail-reaction time in the rat. Materials and Methods: This experimental survey was carried out on 36 wistar-albino female rats that divided in to 3 groups (n=12) randomly. First group samples were administered with TP oral extracts for 30 days. Second group samples were addicted by Marshal Method. The third group didn’t receive any agent. Tail reaction time was measured blindly by Tail Felike methods (UGO BASILE 7360, Italy). Data obtained were analyzed by SPSS (12). Software and statistical ANOVA and Tukey test. Results were expressed as meanSD. Statistical different were significantly by P0.05. Results: The results of this survey showed that tail reaction time were 12.95±1.72 mse in that group which received TP extract, 15.14±2.29 in addicted group and 7.74±1.63 mse, in control group respectively. These results showed that tail reaction time in groups were addicted and received TP extract increased compared with control group but did not any different between themselves. The mean weight in addicted group were significantly decreased compared with control and group which received TP extract but water consumption value was significantly decreased in addicted group compared with other groups. Conclusion: The results from this study showed that T.P aqueous extract can affect on somatic pain and increased tail felick reaction time in female rat. The exact mechanism needs future study.

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Abstract Background and Aim: Epidemiological studies have been revealed that there is a relationship between hardness of water and prevalence of CVD. Therefore this study has been planned to determine the influence of local mineral water on blood pressure in hypertensive men. Materials and Methods: In this cross sectional study, 41 middle age men with hypertension (488) were matched based on age, BMI, WHR, drug, smoking, and duration of the disease and randomly selected in a First and second groups. Respectively, mineral and usual tap waters were given to first and second groups 2 liters per day for 8 weeks. Blood pressures of subjects were calculated by barometer at the 1st, 4th and 8th weeks of experiment. Wilcoxon, Mann-Whiney and t-test were used for statistical analysis of the results. Dietary intakes of subjects were determined by using 24 hours recall questionnaire at the 1st, 4th and 8th weeks of the experiment and were analyzed by Nutritionist III program, which is modified with Iranian Food Data Bank. Results: The mean SBP in first and second groups were after 4 weeks 131.09.98 and 136.18.65 mmHg, respectively. The experiment has showed a significant reduction in 4th week 13.53% in first and 5.64% in second groups (P=0.001). The difference between the groups were statistical significant (P<0.05). SBP reduction in both groups did not show statistical significant after 8th weeks between the groups. The mean DBP in first and second groups were 85.756.34 and 92.624.07 mmHg, respectively after 4th week of experiment with a significant reduction of 11.3% in case and 3% in control groups (P=0.001). Also significant difference in DBP was seen at 4th week of the study between the groups (P<0.05). DBP reduction in both groups did not show statistical significant difference after 8th weeks between the groups. Conclusion: According to the result, mineral spring water has a significant influence on reducing blood pressure after 4 weeks in comparison with tap water, which it could be leading to lower risk of CVD.

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Background and Aim: Emergency Laparatomy is a therapeutic and surgical method which is applied for many kinds of diseases especially abdominal trauma. Abdominal trauma (penetrating and blunt trauma) is one of the most common causes of emergency laparatomy. Some years ago all the patients with abdominal penetrating trauma underwent laparatomy but since the results were incredible and negative laparatomy had increased, some new criteria were determined for surgery and as a result the elective laparatomy replaced the obligatory laparatomy. Materials and Methods: This is a descriptive prospective study on the patients who had undergone emergency laparatomy following the abdominal trauma. The data were based on the available dossiers in Hospital. Result: out of 138 trauma patients who had undergone laparatomy, 96 of them contacted blunt trauma and 42 penetrating trauma. The largest number of laparatomy patients was in the third decade of their life. The most common reasons for trauma were stab and car accident. CT scan and abdominal lavage were not used for any of the patients. In blunt trauma, clinical symptoms and examinations were used but in penetrating trauma just because it is penetrating, laparatomy was used. In penetrating and blunt trauma there were respectively 20 and 8 cases of negative laparatomy. The rate of mortality in traumatic patients was reported just 5 cases. Conclusion: 52.2% of laparatomy in blunt trauma was the result of car accident and 26.1% of laparatomies in penetrating trauma was the result of stab. This statistics show that social-cultural problems should be taken more seriously. The prevalence of negative laparatomy in penetrating trauma is the best reason for changing the obligatory laparatomy to the elective laparatomy, so being penetrative isn't sufficient for laparatomy

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Abstract In a cytogenetic study on the residents in the high level natural radiation areas of Ramsar, a woman had an acentric like C group chromosome showing the premature centromere separation in the peripheral lymphocytes. This unusual chromosome was identified as an X chromosome with Fluorescent In situ Hybridization (FISH) method. Analysis of the 2038 cells revealed that these unusual X chromosomes had ability to replicate. This replication was associated with non-disjunction leading to aneuploid cells. In this paper, induction of the premature centromere separation (PCS) in the aged women is discussed in relation to the effect of the chronic exposure to low dose.

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Background and Aim: Cadmium element is found in all of tobacco products such as cigarette. There is some evidence that indicate cadmium may interfere with morphine tolerance development. The effect of cadmium on morphine tolerance development and its possible cross tolerance were investigated in this study. Materials and Methods: To induce tolerance to analgesic effect of morphine or cadmium, morphine (15 µg/rat) or cadmium (20 nmol/rat) were injected intrathecally to male rats twice a day for five days. To investigate the effect of cadmium on morphine tolerance, another group of rats were injected intrathecally with cadmium and morphine. Cadmium was applied 15 minutes prior to morphine administration. The analgesic effect of different treatments was measured using tail flick test. Results: The results indicated a long lasting analgesic effect of cadmium which was obvious after 12 hours. Repetitive administration of cadmium caused tolerance development to its analgesic effect. In animals which received cadmium during first 5 days, morphine could not induce a significant analgesia on day 6 (cross tolerance). The comparison of the tail flick latencies in morphine and cadmium+morphine treated groups, did not show a significant difference, indicated that cadmium did not have any inhibitory effect on development of morphine tolerance. Conclusion: Our results showed that intrathecal administration of cadmium causes cross-tolerance to analgesic effect of morphine. It seems that, cadmium of cigarettes which induces analgesia by itself causes morphine tolerance and develops some aspect of morphine addiction.

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Background and Aim: Nowadays using modern technology in human life, such as mobile phones and necessities of life, has increased and unavoidably exposed to ambient electromagnetic fields (EMF) generated from various electrical devices and from power transmission lines. The aim of our study was to see the effect of (EMF) on Anatomical & Histopathological of Gingival-epithelial tissue in rat. Materials and Methods: In this study 30 rat pups (age: 15weeks), randomly allocated into test group (n=15) and control group (n=15). The test group was exposed to 50 Hz EMF(80G) (non-ionizing radiation) during postnatal life (5 weeks) and (n=15) rat pups were kept free of radiation in control group, at the end of the 5th week of experiment the samples were collected from Gingival-epithelial tissue in whole rats (pups) in the experiment group. Results: This study indicated that experimental rats Gingival-epithelial tissue was found disrupted at various layers and due to the loss of collagen fibrils and the rates of apoptotic cells are increased in the test group (33±0/074) in compared with control group (12±0/044), (P 0/01). Conclusion: These results suggest that EMF exposure may cause profound changes in the gingival tissue and decreasing in its integument layers .Therefore exposure to EMF may result in pathological changes that lead to dental and gingival disorders and diseases.

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Background and Aim: Body temperature controlling in patient undergoing open heart surgery is very important and critical. In fact it is the base of work and by measuring temperature correctly, complications of hypothermia can be prevented. Objectives: the overall purpose of this study was to determine and compare tympanic and nasopharyngeal temperatures in patient undergoing open heart surgery with hypothermia. Materials and Methods: This was a correlation study. The sample consisted of 60 patients undergoing open heart surgery with hypothermia. Body temperatures are measured in three sites – right ear, left ear and nasopharynx. Both of them were measured simultaneously before, during and after hypothermia. Tympanic temperatures were measured with an infrared thermometer and the nasopharyngeal temperatures were monitored by heart and lung machine, in fact it is a process in open heart surgery. Results: This study showed that the mean of body temperatures are different in three sites. The difference between right and left ear wasn't significant, but the mean of nasopharyngeal temperature was significantly different with right and left ear. In order to determine the sensitivity of tympanic to changes of temperature, correlations between three sites – right ear, left ear and nasopharyngeal - are calculated. Temperatures at three sites had a high correlation (p= 0.01). Conclusion: All sites are sensitive to changes of body temperatures and they can show core temperatures of body well. Therefore, when there are limitations for monitoring of body temperatures by nasopharyngeal route, the tympanic route can be a good replacement.

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Background and Aim: Degenerative joint disease in patella femoral joint causes disabling pain in knee motion. When conservative treatment fails, surgery is indicated. In advanced stage those operations that release the stresses on the patella femoral joint by correcting the biomechanics of the joint may be more useful for patients. In this study, we analyzed the clinical outcomes following conservative methods and surgical treatment with tibial tuberosity transfer. Materials and Methods: Fifty patients, who had severe patella femoral arthritis, after true clinical and radiographic evaluation, were treated with conservative methods. For those patients that did not have improvement after three months and were agree with surgical treatment, tibial tuberosity transfer was done. Patients were followed for one year and were asked about decrease of pain and improvement in daily living function. Results: Altogether, 12 patients (24%) had improvement with conservative methods and in 34 patients after conservative treatment failure who agreed to have surgical treatment had 13 acceptable results (38.2%). Conclusion: In advanced DJD of patella femoral joint, patients not responding to conservative treatment, may have surgical treatment. Anterior transfer of tibial tuberosity can be considered as a last choice of surgery before TKA and can be accepted and considered.

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Background and Aim: Conceptualization of God is one way in which the multivariate domain of religious beliefs has been operationalized. This study was carried out in order to evaluate the relationship between Religious beliefs and coping strategies in students of Shiraz University. Materials and Methods: In this study, 251 college students were selected by using a stratified random sampling procedure. Carver’s coping strategies questionnaire and Gorsuch's God concept scale were used for data collection. The data was analyzed using Pearson correlation coefficient and step-by- step regression. Results: The result showed that problem-focused coping strategy was found to correlate positively with the benevolent, omni-ness, valuable God concept and negatively with the irrelevant, punishing, distinctness God concept. Benevolent god concept is capable to predict problem directed strategies nearly 12 percent itself. Conclusion: Considering the significant role of religion in heath, emphasizing on it in the field of training and treatment could be helpful in improving mental health of the society.

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Background & Aim: Breast cancer is one of the female’s general cancers and one reason of mortality among them. Regarding the Cyclooxygenase role (COX) and the production of prostaglandinE2 in causing tumor damages in mammary glands, it can be effective to apply components as COX inhibitor to prevent gland cancer. Thus, the present study was carried out to evaluate flunixin as unselected Cyclooxygenase inhibitor enzymes to reveal mammary gland cancer in female Wistar rat. Materials & Methods: The research was conducted to evaluate the role of flunixin as selective preventative of cyclooxygenase in the emergence of breast glands cancer in mice (Wistar race). The experiment groups included a negative control group (for which salin was injected on the breast glands with sesame oil) and a positive control group (to which we injected different values of flunixin). The sample included six rats. In order to inoculate the cancer, we used a compound called DMBA. This compound was injected into the breast glands directly. Then, the entire animal breast was studied in respect to the appearance of cancer damages (weight and diameter) in breast glands and the appearance of clinical symptoms. At the end of the research, we analyzed autopsy findings and microscopy sections of tumor damages in the samples of all groups. Results: In this study, tumor’s weight and thickness decreased in medicine receiving groups, (p≤0.05), and microscopic slice of mammary tissue confirmed the microscopic findings. Conclusion: This study confirms the positive effect of the drug in treating and preventing the mammary cancer in such a way that the microscopically slices provided from breast tissues in the experimental groups (drug receiving groups) indicate that cell cancers are decreasing so that the cells tend to gain their own normal order again.

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Abstract Background and Aim: Postoperative pain is a major consequent of lumbar laminectomy. Hence, this study was conducted to determine the efficacy of morphine injection versus sublingual buprenorphine in postoperative pain after lumbar laminectomy in Booali Hospital in 2007-2008. Materials and Methods: This study was conducted as a single-blind randomized clinical trial. The patients (in two groups of 25 subjects) were randomly assigned to receive either 0.4 mg of sublingual buprenorphine or 10 mg of intravenous morphine three times. The patients were monitored for postoperative pain in a period of 24 hours after surgery. The data were analyzed through SPSS software version.13 using t-test and chi-square. Results: Before intervention, VAS was 8±1.04 and 7.72±1.06 in morphine and buprenorphine groups, respectively, a finding which was statistically insignificant (p. Between 12 and 24 hours after intervention, visual analogue scale (VAS) was decreased 2.08±0.95 in morphine group and 3.28±0.67 in buprenorphine group (P=0.0001). 24 hours after intervention, VAS was decreased 2.08±0.9 in morphine group and 2.6±0.95 in buprenorphine group (P=0.055). Conclusion: Totally, it may be concluded that sublingual buprenorphine may be used as an easy and effective method for pain reduction after lumbar disc surgeries in comparison with intravenous morphine.

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Background and Aim: Metabolic syndrome is a metabolic disorder that affects on the Diabetes mellitus pathophysiology and alters the cell excitability and serum DHEAS value. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of Tamarindus indicia seed aqueous extract on tail flick reaction time and DHEAS value in fructose-fed male rats. Materials and Methods: This experiment was performed on 30 male rats which were divided into three equal groups of sham control(C), Fructose-fed (F) and fructose-fed receiving Tamarindus indicia seed aqueous extract (FT). At the end of the study, tail flick reaction time and serum DHEAS were measured. The obtained data were analyzed by SPSS software version.11. The results were expressed as mean ±SD and statistical differences were considered significant (P<0.05). Results: The results showed that tail flick reaction time in FT group significantly decreased compared with that of F group however, serum DHEAS value in this group significantly increased compared with that of F group. Conclusion: The results indicated that Tamarindus indicia seed aqueous extract can increase the cell excitability and serum DHEAS in fructose-fed male rats. Future studies will probably show the exact mechanism.

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Abstract

  Background and Aim: Estimation of the odds ratio (OR) with logistic regression is a widely used approach to identify the risk factors of hypertension. Based on a cut-off point for blood pressure, this method decreases the efficiency and precision of the analysis. An alternative is to calculate OR with linear regression analysis, which is a more precise approach. The purpose of this study was to determine the prevalence of systolic and diastolic hypertension and the risk factors for hypertension by comparing the OR found with logistic and linear regression.

  Materials and Methods: In a cross-sectional study in 2005, 3997 persons in Shiraz were selected by random multistage sampling. The relationship between blood pressure and explanatory variables of interest including sex, age and body mass index was investigated by calculating the OR with both logistic and linear regression without dichotomizing. The data produced with both methods were compared through SPSS V.13 and S-PLUS 2000.

  Results: The age range of all patients included in our analysis was 18-99 years the prevalence of systolic hypertension was 10.8% and that of diastolic hypertension was 7.4%. Both OR calculation procedures detected a significant association with an increased risk of systolic and diastolic hypertension for sex, age and body mass index. Linear regression was more precise and had smaller confidence intervals than logistic regression.

Conclusion: Linear regression can be used to calculate the OR to analyze risk factors for hypertension. This method may be more suitable than logistic regression because it does not involve a cut-off point to determine outcome or response variables.

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  Abstract

  Background and Aim: Postoperative shivering is one of the common problems after anesthesia and can cause many complications such as heart disease, increased intraocular pressure, increased intracranial pressure and other problems. Various methods and drugs have been used for the prevention of postoperative shivering. In this study, we have investigated the pretreatment effect of ondansetron and meperidine in reducing shivering after cesarean elective by spinal anesthesia.

  Materials and Methods: In this double-blind study, 100 volunteered patients for cesarean elective using spinal were blocked and classified randomly into two groups. After the baby was born, 8 mg/kg ondansetron for the first group (O) and 0.4 mg/kg meperidine for the second group (M) was injected slowly. MAP, Heart rate and SPO₂ were measured and recorded before the operation, during the operation and after the operation. The shivering or its absence was recorded for 20 minutes after the operation by a recovery nurse.

  Results: The incidence of postoperative shivering was 10% in ondnasetron group and 24% in meperidine group. But there was no significant difference between the two groups.

  Conclusion: There was not a significant difference between the effects of ondansetron and meperidne groups.

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Abstract Background and Aim: Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs have been used widely in recent times and generation of peptic ulcer is a side-effect of these drugs. In this study, we evaluated the effect of extract of Carum Copticum seed on treatment of peptic ulcer induced by ibuprofen in rats. Materials and Methods: This study was performed on 30 adult female rats. At first, the animals were randomly divided into five groups. Then, in order to induce gastric ulcer, Ibuprofen was used orally. After suffering, the animals were treated with Omeprazole or plant seed aqueous extract doses of 125, 250 and 500 mg per kg, twice a day for two weeks. Finally, the animals were studied in terms of the number and the extent of gastric ulcer. The amount of liver enzymes, Aspartate Transferase (AST) and Alkaline Transferase (ALT), in the serum of animals were also measured. Results: The plant seed extract caused a dose-dependent ulcer healing effect in rats, that is, the therapeutic effect in doses of 125 and 250 mg/kg compared with Omeprazole was significantly meaningful (p<0.05). The mean number and area of gastric ulcers in the groups receiving the extract were significantly lower than those of the group receiving Omeprazole. The amount of liver enzymes in the extract group that received a dose of 500 mg/kg significantly increased (p<0.01). Conclusion: The extract of Carum Copticum seed was very effective in the treatment of peptic ulcer and therapeutic effect of this extract is comparable with that of Omeprazole. Moreover, further work is needed to elucidate the extent and mechanism of these changes.

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Abstract Background and Aim: Cement dust is one of the workplace harmful chemicals. There is a disagreement about respiratory effects of cement. The main purpose of this study was to investigate the respiratory effects of exposure to cement dust. Materials and Methods: The subjects consisted of 148 male workers (94 workers with current exposure to cement dust and 54 healthy unexposed employees as a referent group). Respiratory symptom questionnaires, as suggested by the American Thoracic Society, were administered to them. Determination of exposure was carried out by personal dust monitoring. Furthermore, the subjects underwent lung function tests by a spirometer. The data were analyzed applying t test and chi-square test. Results: The mean values of respirable and dust concentrations were estimated to be 7.70± 1.2 and 67.4± 5.4 mg/m3. Significant decrements in the parameters of pulmonary function were noted (p<0.05). Conclusions: The findings of this study indicate that a strong association exists between exposure to cement dust and the prevalence of respiratory symptoms and functional impairments of the lungs.