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Background and Aim: Forgiveness and empathy have a principal role in the quality of physician-patient relationship. Concerning the importance of examining the effective and determining variables in the quality of relationship physician-patient, the aim of this study is to investigate the relationship between forgiveness and empathy among medical and nursing students. Materials and Methods: This descriptive-correlational study was conducted on198 medical and nursing students (83 males, 115 females) who were selected randomly to answer the interpersonal reactivity index questionnaire (IRI, Davis, 1983) and Heartland Forgiveness Scale (HFS Thompson et al., 2005). The data were analyzed through SPSS software version 18 and using Pearson product moment correlation coefficient for which p value ≤ 0.05 was significant. Results: The results showed that forgiveness had a positive and significant correlation with empathy. The results also indicated that self-forgiveness had a positive and significant correlation with dimension of empathy. Further, the results revealed that other forgiveness had a positive and significant correlation with dimension of empathy. Moreover, the results pointed out that situation forgiveness had a positive and significant correlation with dimension of empathy. Conclusion: Forgiveness can play an important role in relationship of empathy and insight the quality of physician-penitent relationship. The implications and limitation of this study and the suggestion for the further research are discussed.

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Background and Aim: Nursing is one of the most stressful jobs and the stress involved leads to the nurses' dissatisfaction and abandoning their occupation. The purpose of this study is to determine the level of stress and stress management methods among nurses based on PRECEDE model Materials and Methods: A descriptive-analytical design was used in this study. The sample size was 237 nurses from Hamadan hospitals who completed the scales of PRECEDE, NSS, PSS and Job Satisfaction. The data were analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics (Chi-square, Spearman coefficient of correlation and ANOVA) through SPSS software V.13. Results: The results showed that 51.5% of nurses perceived intermediate level of occupational stress and 5.9% of them had high job stress levels. 40% of the subjects had high level of psychological stress and 75.1% of them were dissatisfied with their jobs. Reverse correlation between job satisfaction and perceived stress was seen (r=-0.231). The level of knowledge was average and enabling factors were low. The majority of subjects (90%) didn't have any reinforcing factors. Conclusion: Due to the nature of nursing job and the results of this study, designing and implementing job stress management programs based on PRECEDE model to decrease job stress and increase job satisfaction are suggested.

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Background and Aim: Cyanide is a highly toxic compound which is found normally in the wastewater of numerous industries, such as Electroplating. The release of this compound into the environment has a lot of health hazards. The Purpose of this study was to compare the electrochemical oxidation efficiency with chemical precipitation method for cyanide removal from industrial wastewater. Materials and Methods: This study was conducted experimentally in a pilot system. In this study, the optimum conditions such as pH , Fe/CN- and reaction time were investigated in the Ferrous Sulfate precipitation method for cyanide removal from wastewater of electroplating industries by the use of jar test. It also investigated the effect of pH, voltage and operation time for total cyanide removal by electrochemical oxidation method by applying a stainless steel as an anode and copper as a cathode. And finally, the efficiency of two methods was compared. Results: In the Ferrous Sulfate Precipitation method, the optimal conditions were obtained for the removal of cyanide at (pH 6/5, and 10:1 Molar Ratio and Operation Time 60 minutes). In these conditions, the removal efficiency was 93 percent. In the electrochemical method, the optimal conditions were obtained at the voltage of 9V and pH=13 and the operation time of 90 minutes in which the average percentage removal of cyanide was about 88 with SD=2.43. The results statistically confirmed the significant relationship between cyanide removal efficiency and optimal conditions in both methods (p< 0.05). But comparison of the two methods showed that the cyanide removal efficiency in the electrochemical method was as much as the chemical precipitation method. Conclusion: Due to the high cyanide removal efficiency and achieving the standards for effluent disposal to the environment, it seems that ferrous Sulfate precipitation method is more useful.

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Aims: Diabetes is the source of stress for people suffering from the disease. Diabetes-related stress has numerous negative psychological effects. This study was conducted aiming at determining the role of type D personality in the effect of stress on HbAlc and cortisol secretion.

Methods: the present correlational study which was a retrospective research, was conducted in 2011 and 2012 on all women with type II diabetes, who were member of Yazd Diabetes Research Centre, 80 patients were selected by multistage cluster sampling. They completed some questionnaires including the depression scale, anxiety scale (DASS), stress as well as type D personality questionnaires. Then, their fasting blood was tested and the effect of stress and personality type on HbAlc and cortisol level was evaluated. Data was analyzed using SPSS 18 software and statistical tests including Pearson correlation coefficient and stepwise regression analysis.

Results: There were significant relationship between stress and personality type cortisol and HbAlc and cortisol and HbAlc. Based on the results of the regression analysis, stress factor by itself (p=0.001), and together with personality type (p=0.001) had effect on HbAlc. Moreover, stress factor by itself (p=0.002), and together with personality type (p=0.001) had effect on cortisol level. Stress and personality type scales explained 0.312 of the HbAlc variance and 0.28 of the cortisol variance.

Conclusion: Stress and personality type are correlated with the level of cortisol serum and HbAlc. Moreover, personality type acts in line with the increase in the impact of stress on patients with diabetes.

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Aims: Asthma is an airway complex disease defined by reversible airway narrowing and obstruction, airway hyper-responsiveness, airway chronic inflammation, and airway tissue remodeling. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of canola oil on the total count and various types of leukocytes (white blood cells) in rats with experimental asthma.

Methods: In this experimental research, 36 Wistar rats were divided into 4 groups: negative control, positive control, asthmatic treated by 0.5ml/kg canola oil per day and asthmatic treated by 0.7ml/kg canola oil per day. At the end of the experiment, animals were bled from the heart and the total number and percentage of white blood cells were measured and evaluated. Statistical analysis was done using SPSS 16 software and the comparison of the groups was made by ANOVA statistical test.

Results: the total count of white blood cells decreased in the experimental group 2 compared to the positive control group (p<0.05). Percentage of lymphocytes increased in experimental group 2 compared to the positive control group (p<0.01). Neutrophils percentage decreased in experimental group 2 compared to the positive control group (p<0.001). Eosinophils percentage decreased in the groups treated by canola oil compared to the positive control group (p<0.001).

Conclusion: Canola oil decreases some of asthma complications including the changes in the total counts and percentage of various types of white blood cells in rats with experimental asthma.

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Aims: Obesity is one of the most common problems in societies which can induce many diseases. Some methods have been suggested and are used for the treatment of obesity which herbal therapy is one of them. The aim of this study was to determine the effect of Fitana herbal compound as an anti-obesity product on weight and blood lipid profile in male Wistar rats.

Methods: In this study 40 male Wistar rats with the average weight of 280-300g were used. The rats were divided into 5 groups as experimental I (200mg/kg of aqueous extract of Fitana), and experimental II (400mg/kg of aqueous extract of Fitana), experimental III (200mg/kg of alcoholic extract of Fitana), control I (negative control) and control II (5mg/kg of Orlistat). Data were analyzed by SPSS 11.5 using Tukey and ANOVA tests.

Results: There was no significant difference in the mean of weight and BMI among experimental groups. Triglyceride level was only decreased significantly in experimental group II (62.62±9.94 p=0.0014) and III (62.12±12.02 p=0.011) in comparison with negative control group (84.37±13.51mg/dl).

Conclusion: Oral consumption of Fitana herbal compound can reduce triglyceride level in blood.

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Aims: One of the risk factors for heart diseases is hyperlipidemia. Research has shown that the flavonoid and antioxidant are effective in removing hyperlipidemia. Methods: The purpose of this study was to compare the effect of alcoholic extract of zataria multiflora with atorvastatin on blood lipid profile. 56 Wistar male rats were divided into 7 groups each of which included 8 animals which were treated for 4 weeks with 7 dieting systems. The groups were: Group 1 (Control I): Normal diet and unlimited water and food Group 2: Daily normal food + 3g/kg corn oil as a means for cholesterol Group 3 (Control II, hypercholestrolemia): Usual daily food + 2g/kg cholesterol dissolved in 3g/kg corn oil Group 4: Treated like group 3 but with increased 10 mg/kg Atorvastatin as an anti-fat Groups 5, 6, and 7: Treated like group 3 but received 100, 200 & 300 mg/kg Z.M. extract, respectively. After 4 weeks, and at the end of the experiment, following 14 hours of starvation, the rats got anesthesia with chloroform and the blood sample was taken from the heart. The blood was collected in test tubes and transferred to the laboratory. After determining the factors of TG, TC, LDL, VLDL & HDL, the data were analyzed with SPSS software employing ANOVA (F-test). Results: It seems that corn oil and cholesterol increased the blood fat factors significantly. As was expected, Group 4 showed a reduction in these factors Groups 5, 6 & 7, which received Z.M. extract, decreased the blood fat factors significantly, except that HDL increased significantly. Conclusion: Results of this study showed that the extract of Zataria multiflora has anti hyperlipidemia effects and can be used as a herbal medicine in controlling the blood cholesterol.

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Aims: Thyroid cancer is the most common endocrine malignancy and papillary carcinoma is the most common thyroid cancer. There are different biologic markers which are used for prognosis determination one of which is a cell binding molecule, E-cadherin. . The purpose of this study was to determine the frequency of E-cadherin expression in papillary thyroid cancer and its relation with gender, tumor size, and lymph nodes involvement. Methods: This study was performed on 73 tissue samples from patients with papillary thyroid cancer who referred to Mostafa Khomeini Hospital in Tehran, Iran (2005- 2008). The method of staining for determination of E-cadherin expression was immunohistochemistry. We evaluated the size of tumor, lymph nodes involvement, and their relation with E-cadherin expression. Results: The mean age was 41.85± 16.65 years. 67% of samples were positive for E-cadherin and 21.9% had lymph nodes involvement. The mean size of patients’ tumor was 3.86± 2.38 cm. There was not any significant relationship between E-cadherin expression and tumor size and gender but there was a significant and reverse relationship between E-cadherin expression and lymph nodes involvement (P<0.05). Conclusion: Concerning of the role of the E-cadherin in patient prognosis, it seems that as proportion of E-cadherin decreases in tumor cells, the probability of lymph nodes involvement increases. More studies in this area with patients’ follow-up are recommended.

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Aims: Turnip is one of the most consumed medicinal plants that seem to have advantageous efficacy on hyperlipidemia. The present work was undertaken to evaluate the hypolipidemic activity of aqueous extract of Brassica rapa root on hyperlipidemic rats. Materials & Methods: In this experimental study 40 male Wistar rats were divided into 5 equal groups normal control, hyperlipidemic control (1ml normal saline once a day), Atorvastatin (10mg/kg of body weight per day) and aqueous extract of Brassica rapa root groups (200 and 400mg/kg of body weight per day) were treated for 10 days. After 18h fasting in 11th day, hyperlipidemia was induced by a single intraperitoneal (IP) injection of triton WR1339 (300mg/kg of body weight) in all groups except normal control. 24 hours after injection, blood collection was done and plasma analyzed for lipid profiles. Data was compared between group s by ANOVA and Tukey tests in SPSS 18 software. Findings: Aqueous extract of Brassica rapa root inhibited the elevation of plasma total cholesterol level at the dose of 200mg/kg of body weight. The extract also decreased LDL cholesterol and triglyceride levels in hyperlipidemic rats significantly but in compare to normal control group these levels were significantly high (p<0.05). Conclusion: The consumption of turnip may act as a potent antihyperlipidemic nutrient for patients with dyslipidemia, cardiovascular and diabetes diseases.

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Aims: As a highly developed oxidation process, the solar photo-catalytic process is highly used to reduce the environmental pollutants. In addition, it most sufficiently analyzes many organic pollutants and pathogenic microbial agents, completely. The aim of this study was to determine the efficiency of the photo-catalytic process in the removal of microbial pollutant of the refinery wastewater of Gonabad Behshiran Dairy Factory.

Materials & Methods: In the cross-sectional study, samples of the refinery wastewater of Gonabad Behshiran Dairy Factory were prepared in spring and summer 2015. The processes were photolysis through concentrated sun light (P1), photo-catalytic at the presence of concentrated sun light (P2), photo-catalytic at the presence of normal sun light (P3), and photolysis with normal sun light (P4). Data was analyzed by SPSS 20 software using ANOVA.

Findings: Passing from spring to summer, there were increases in the intensity of solar radiation, UV, and IR, while there was more change in UV. Using concentrated sun light, microbial removal efficiency hugely increased in such a way that there was a significant correlation between radiation intensity and microbial removal efficiency in P2 and P3 processes.

Conclusion: Compared to normal sun light, the concentrated sun light considerably reduces microbial load. In addition, TiO₂ Nano-particles in photo-catalytic process lead to a higher disinfection rate.

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Aims: In general, DNA extraction from the gram-positive bacteria is too hard and expensive. The aim of this study was to utilize Polyethylene Glycol 200 in order to extract DNA from Lactobacillus acidophilus gram-positive bacteria and Pseudomonas aeruginosa gram-negative bacteria, as well as PCR conducting on them to search Lacto and ExoA genes, respectively.

Materials & Methods: Standard strains of Lactobacillus acidophilus gram-positive bacteria and Pseudomonas aeruginosa gram-negative bacteria were cultured on MRS and Mueller-Hinton agar, respectively. Then, the bacteria colony was dissolved in TE buffer and DNA was extracted using PEG 200. PCR reactions were done on the specific Lacto and ExoA genes of each organism.  

Findings: PCR was done on the selected genes for each organism; and bp231 Lacto genes were detected for the standard strain of Lactobacillus acidophilus and the strain of Lactobacillus acidophilus separated from the dairy. In addition, bp396 ExoA genes were detected for the standard strain of Pseudomonas aeruginosa and the clinical strains of Pseudomonas aeruginosa on agarose gel.

Conclusion: Since DNA extraction from gram-positive bacteria is too hard due their very strong walls, PEG 200 might be a very proper, affordable, quick, and available method to extract DNA from the gram-positive bacteria. In addition, DNA of gram-negative bacteria and fungi can simply be extracted through the method.

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Aims: Playing an important role in regulating glucose hemostasis, apelin might empower the correlation between any increase in the adipose tissue mass and obesity and the correlated metabolic diseases. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of 6-week intensive periodic massive exercises with cinnamon supplementation on the apelin serum concentration and insulin resistance in the overweight boys.  

Materials & Methods: In the semi-experimental study, 40 male overweight students were studied in Zahedan in 2014. The samples, randomly selected, were divided into four groups including exercise, exercise and supplementation, supplementation, and control. 6-week intensive periodic massive exercises were done in the exercise groups. In addition, three 380mg-cinnamon capsules were administrated in the supplementation groups. Blood sampling was done from the subjects 48 hours before and after the exercise program. Apelin, glucose, and insulin levels were measured. Data was analyzed by SPSS 19 software using one-way and two-way ANOVA tests and covariance analysis.    

Findings: There were significant differences between “exercise” and “exercise and supplementation” groups and “control” group in apelin and insulin resistance levels after the exercise program (p=0.0001). In addition, there was a significant difference between “cinnamon supplementation” and “control” groups in insulin resistance (p=0.001).There were significant differences between the exercise groups and supplementation group in apelin (p=0.0001) and insulin resistance (p=0.003) levels.

Conclusion: The serum apelin level and the insulin resistance index in the overweight boys are reduced by 6-week intense periodic massive exercises. In addition, the cinnamon supplementation only reduces the insulin resistance index.

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Aims: It is very important to detect the coagulase-negative Staphylococci, which produce the hospital infections. Being one of the most expensive and time-consuming stages before the polymerase chain reaction (PCR), DNA extraction is one of the primary stages of PCR. Then, it should be noticed that the elimination of the stage might save time and costs. The aim of this study was to compare two PCR methods including the method with the utilization of the extracted DNA with the extraction kit and the direct PCR method in the detection of the methicillin-resistant genes in the coagulase-negative Staphylococci.    

Materials & Methods: In the descriptive cross-sectional study, 135 Staphylococcus epidermidis and 88 Staphylococcus saprophyticus samples were studied, separated from blood, wounds, urinary catheter, and urine samples of patients hospitalized in the treatment centers of Zahedan. The direct PCR was done on the Staphylococcus saprophyticus and Staphylococcus epidermidis colonies. PCR with the extracted DNA was done for mecA and 16srDNA genes using the extraction kit, and the results were compared.

Findings: In both methods, mecA and 16srDNA genes were successfully amplified in 310bp and 420bp related to Staphylococcus bacteria identifying gene and methicillin resistant gene, respectively. In addition, there were approximately the same band qualities. 

Conclusion: In order to save time and costs, the direct PCR method can be used to detect methicillin-resistant coagulase-negative Staphylococci.

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Aims: Based on the principles of physiology, the blood used in the system of point of care is the capillary blood that its biochemical contents are in equilibrium with the mediastinum fluid. In edematous diabetic patients, the first and second blood drops of the stick place are apparently different. In the clinical centers of the country, the first drop is used as a blood glucose test using point of care method. The aim of this study was to compare the level of glucose through first and second fingertip blood and venous blood samples of edematous diabetic patients in stroke intensive care units.
Materials & Methods: In this cross sectional, analytical descriptive study, 103 edematous diabetic patients were selected via available sampling method. The subjects were hospitalized in stroke ICU Qaem Hospital in Mashhad, Iran in 2012. Glucometry was performed, using first and second capillary blood drops and standard venous sample simultaneously. The data were analyzed by SPSS 17 software, using repeated meature ANOVA, paired t-test, and Bland–Altman plot.
Findings: There was no significant difference in glucose levels in the first and second fingertip blood drops (p=0.257), while there was a significant difference between glucose levels in the first and second fingertip blood drops with standard venous sample (p<0.05). There was also a significant correlation between 2 drops in expression of glucometry results.
Conclusions: The first or second fingertip blood drops have similar glucose test results. 

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Aims: Considering the existence of fungal contamination and the close contact of dentists with the oral cavity of their patients, the question raised here is whether addressing the dental profession can be considered a risk factor for oral candidiasis with Candida albicans? This study aimed at investigating the relationship between dentistry and oral colonization of Candida albicans.
Materials & Methods: This case-control study was conducted among 72 individuals in Birjand, Iran in 2016; they were selected by random sampling method and divided into 2 groups: The case group consisted of 35 dentists working in Birjand and the control group consisted of 37 non-medical personnel of Birjand University of Medical sciences. The samples were obtained from rear surface of the tongue and salivary secretions. Individuals with positive culture results were considered Candida albicans oral carriers. The data were analyzed by SPSS 18 software, using Chi-square and Fisher exact tests.
Findings: Although the number of positive culture results in Candida albicans oral carriers (17.1%) was twice more than in control group (8.1%), there was no significant difference between two groups (p>0.05)
Conclusion: The dentists are at risk of contamination and oral colonization of Candida albicans not more than what non-medical personnel are.

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Aims: In this study, we investigated the effect of clove extract (Syzygium aromaticum) on liver cell damage and oxidative stress caused by diabetes in adult rats.
Methods & Materials: For this study, 28 female rats were collected and divided into four groups: A: Control group; B: Diabetic Control group (DC) which received 20% glycerol dissolved in normal saline as carriers; C: Diabetic rats (DSA) treated with cloves hydroalcoholic extract (4 mg/kg); d) diabetic rats (DG) treated with glibenclamide (5 mg/kg) as a standard drug.
Findings: The fasting blood sugar and serum triglyceride levels in the DC group increased significantly compared to the control group (P<0.05). In DC, DG, and DSA groups, high-density lipoprotein, and serum insulin levels decreased significantly compared to the control group (P<0.05). Also, in DG and DSA groups, high-density lipoprotein and serum insulin levels increased significantly compared to the DC group.
Conclusion: Cloves can affect fasting blood sugar, serum insulin levels, serum fat profile levels, and prevent liver tissue damage in diabetic rats caused by streptozotocin.

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Aims: Cronobacter sakazakii (CS) is a member of the Enterobacteriaceae family. It is a genomically heterogeneous, motile, Gram-negative bacillus. It is also an emergent foodborne pathogen associated with the ingestion of infant formula milk that can cause neonatal sepsis, necrotizing enterocolitis, and meningitis. This review is focused on the newest information about the bacterial characteristics of C. sakazakii and human infections causing by this pathogenic bacterium. 
Methods & Materials: We searched medical databases such as ISI Web of Science, PubMed, Scopus, and other websites. 
Findings: Cronobacter sakazakii acts as a microbiological hazard in the infant food chain, with historic high mortality in neonates. The International Commission for Microbiological Specifications for Foods has categorized C. sakazakii as a severe hazard bacterium for some individuals, with long duration, substantial chronic sequelae, or life-threatening complications. Although the incidence of C. sakazakii infection is low, the prognosis of the disease is poor, and infection is associated with significant morbidity and mortality. Powdered Infant Formula (PIF) milk products contaminated with C. sakazakii have been epidemiologically linked to several clinical cases. Premature infants, low-birth-weight ones, and patients hospitalized in the Neonatal Intensive Care Units (NICUs) are more at infection risk than older infants.
Conclusion: We recommend focusing on simple preventative strategies such as the promotion of breast milk feeding, the inclusion of warnings on the powder infant formula packages that may be contaminated with C. sakazakii, and abstinence from the practice of re-warming of reconstituted formula. Reconstituted dairy products should be avoided in adult immunosuppressed populations. Appropriate barrier precautions should be observed in NICU and intensive care unit settings, where the spread of infection may be more prevalent. 

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Aims In recent years, the synthesis of nanoparticles (Ag-NPs) by plants has been done on a larger scale because it is faster and cheaper. There is also an increase in pathogenicity caused by antibiotic-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. In this study, the biosynthesis of silver nanoparticles by using an extract of mountain pistachio (Pistaciaatlantica) and its antimicrobial properties have been reported.
Methods & Materials The extract of Pistaciaatlantica as the reducing agent was used for the biosynthesis of silver nanoparticles. The formation of nanoparticles was confirmed using a spectrophotometer (UV). The resulting nanoparticles were analyzed to determine the Z-Average (d.nm) and the dispersion index (PDI) of the nanoparticles using dynamic light scattering (DLS) and its inhibitory activity and lethality (MBC) against Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) were investigated. The diameter of the aura of bacterial growth was also measured.
Findings The UV-Vis spectrum shows an absorption band of about 350-450 nm, which represents the biological Ag nanoparticles. Size and morphological properties of nanoparticles were performed by DLS which show that hydrodynamic diameter (Z-Average) is 1132 nm and PDI number is 0.373, indicating a uniform particle size distribution and nanoparticle stability. The inhibitory and lethal properties of Pistaciaatlantica nanoparticles on S. aureus species (PTCC 1764) are 12.5 micrograms per milliliter. Also, the diameter of the halo of bacterial growth is 12 mm which was observed at a concentration of 1000 μg/mL.
Conclusion Pistaciaatlantica bio-silver nanoparticles had good antimicrobial activity against S. aureus

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