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Background and Aim: Nowadays, self-directed approach to education is of great importance in the self-efficacy in educational settings. The findings of various research projects on the field reveal the vital role and importance of self-confidence in all areas of life. Accordingly, this project aims at studying the relationship between self-efficacy and test-anxiety in Iranian students of Islamic Azad University. Materials and Methods: This study is a descriptive and analytic study of correlation type. The selected 405 subjects who participated in the study were studying in Azad University, Southern Khorasan Province. They were selected through cluster random sampling. The data were collected through standardized questionnaires for self-efficacy and test-anxiety. Pearson correlation and t-test were employed to analyze the collected data using SPSS software. Results: There is a relationship between self-efficacy and test-anxiety at the level of p<0.01. Also, the relationship between personal variables (age, sex, average, and ...) with test-anxiety and self-efficacy was scrutinized. The results showed that there is a significant relation between student average and self-efficacy at the level of p<0.05 however, the sex variable was not influential in the results. Conclusion: There is a significant relationship between self-efficacy and test-anxiety and this in turn proved that self-efficacy is effective in improving the students’ mental health and their academic and vocational achievements. Accordingly, in order to improve self-efficacy, we need not only to include some instructions for self-efficacy in the curricula but also train teachers and students at any level of education.

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Background and Aim: The family and social environment have important roles on flowering potential aptitudes. They enhance health and self-efficacy beliefs. The theory of self-efficacy hypothesizes that beliefs of individuals about their aptitude and abilities have good effects on their activities. Self-efficacy belief is the most important determinant of behavior. The aim of this study was to examine the relationship among emotional intelligence, social support and self-efficacy. Materials and Methods: 269 Tehran University students (191 females and 105 males) who were randomly selected were asked to complete perceived social support, self-efficacy and emotional intelligence scales. Correlation and regression were used to analyze the data. Results: The results showed that self-efficacy had direct and meaningful correlation with all components of emotional intelligence and perceived social support. Emotional intelligence and perceived social support explained 23% and 15% of the variance of self-efficacy, respectively. Common correlation among components of emotional intelligence and perceived social support with self-efficacy was 0.37. Emotional perception (a component of emotional intelligence) could explain 40% of variance of self-efficacy. The family support and friends (the components of perceived social support) could explain 15% of the variance of self-efficacy, and family support has the greatest correlation coefficient with self-efficacy. After controlling the components of perceived social support effect, correlations between components of emotional intelligence and self-efficacy were found statistically meaningful. After controlling emotional perception, it was found that there were not significant correlations between components of perceived social support and self-efficacy. Conclusion: In total, the findings revealed that emotional perception has a greater role in explaining of self-efficacy and self-efficacy, emotional intelligence and perceived social support have significant and reciprocal effects on each other. The current research confirmed the role of social environment in enhancing the emotional intelligence and self-efficacy.

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  Abstract

  Background and Aim : Parenting style as one of the basic functions of parents has an important role at the later stages of life. This research has been accomplished to determine the effect of parenting styles on self- efficacy and mental health of students.

  Materials and Methods : This descriptive-analytical research has been done on 210 students (105 males and 105 females) among 3757 humanity students of Payam-e-Noor and Azad Universities in Neyshabour who were selected by multilayer cluster sampling method. The subjects were tested by child rearing self-efficacy and GHQ-28 questionnaires. The data were analyzed applying one-way ANOVA, two-factor (F), and Tukey test.

  Results : The results indicated that parenting styles had a significant influence on self-efficacy of students (p= 0.0064). There was a significant effect on increasing self-efficacy in authoritative style compared with permissive style (p=0.0001) and the authoritarian style (p=0.01). Also, parenting styles had a significant effect on mental health condition (p=0.027). Parenting styles had different significant effects on mental health of students. Authoritative style had an effect more than that of the authoritarian style (p=0.0078) and permissive style more than authoritarian style (p=0.018).

  Conclusion : Regarding the effect of parenting styles on self-efficacy and mental health which is of great importance in students, teaching programs about parenting styles is recommended for parents at different levels.

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  Aims: Emotions and how to deal with them are part of the human personality and affect her health. Ability to evaluate and express our emotions, emotion regulation of ourselves and the others and operation of emotion is called "emotional intelligence". This study aimed to determine the effect of emotional intelligence component training on self-efficacy enhancement and reduction of occupational stress.

  Materials & Methods: The semi-experimental research was done on Tehran municipality employees in 2010. Purposeful cluster sampling was done and 30 people who had a high score of occupational stress and low occupational stress were selected and randomly assigned to experimental and control groups. Data collected by the Self-Efficacy Beliefs Questionnaire developed by Scherer and colleagues and the Occupational Stress Inventory developed by Philip L. Rice. Data were analyzed by software SPSS 16 using descriptive statistics and independent T-test and Pearson's correlation coefficient.

  Findings: Self-efficacy mean score of experimental group was 64.9±6.2 in post-test which had a significant difference with pre-test score (51.9±8.5) of this group (t=5.1 p=0.05). The mean score of general symptoms of stress of experimental group was 25.7±6.8 in post-test which was significantly different from its pre-test score (32.1±5.6). A negative correlation was observed between self-efficacy increase and occupational stress symptoms reduction (r=-0.223 p=0.033).

  Conclusion: Teaching emotional intelligence components can increase the belief of self-efficacy and reduce the syndromes of occupational stress.

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Aims: Many psychological factors have an impact on diabetes, one of the most important of which is the self-efficacy of diabetic patients. Mindfulness and emotional self-regulation are two components that affect on self-efficacy. The aim of the study was to investigate the mediator role of emotional self-regulation in the relationship between mindfulness and self-efficacy in the patients with type 2 diabetes who referred to the diabetes center of Yazd City, Iran.

Materials & Methods: In the descriptive-correlational study in 2016, 243 patients with type 2 diabetes from diabetes center of Yazd were selected as available. The data collection tool was a diabetic self-efficacy questionnaire, mindfulness and emotional self-regulation.Diabetic self-efficacy questionnaire, Freiburg’s mindfulness questionnaire, and Hoffman and Kashdan emotional self-regulation have been used for the purpose of data collection. Data was analyzed by SPSS software using Pearson correlation coefficient, regression analysis and multiple regression analysis.

Findings: There was a direct correlation between mindfulness and self-efficacy (r=0.428), mindfulness and emotional self-regulation (r=0.231) and self-efficacy and emotional self-regulation (r=0.241) in the diabetic patients. Also, variables of emotional self-regulation and mindfulness had the power of predicting self-efficacy, because of emotional self-regulation had a mediator role between self-efficacy and mindfulness (p<0.01).

Conclusion: Mindfulness and emotional self-regulation are related to the self-efficacy of diabetic patients, which is a mediator role in the relationship between emotional self-regulation and self-control.

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Aims: Diabetes is considered as a chronic and complex disease that, if not addressed, will turn into a serious problem for countries. On the other hand, life expectancy as a multidimensional, dynamic and powerful healing factor plays an important role in adapting to the disease. The present study aimed at predicting life expectancy among the diabetic patients based on self-efficacy, self-esteem and perceived social support.Materials & Methods: This study was a descriptive-correlational study. The statistical population of the study included all type 2 diabetes patients referred to the diabetes clinic of Imam Khomeini Hospital of Ardabil in 2016. 118 patients were selected by convenience sampling method. For data collection, the self-efficacy scale (GSES), self-esteem scale (CSES), multidimensional scale of perceived social support (MSPSS) and life expectancy scale (SHS) were used. Data analysis was made using Pearson correlation coefficient and multiple regression and using SPSS version 16 software.
Findings: According to the results, a significant relationship was observed between self-efficacy (r=0.58, p<0.05) and self-esteem (r=0.63, p<0.05) with life expectancy in diabetic patients. Also, a significant relationship was observed between social support perceived by the family (r=0.54, p<0.05), friends (r=0.48, p<0.05 and others (r=0.45, p<0.05) with life expectancy in diabetic patients. The results of multiple regression indicated that self-efficacy, self-esteem and perceived social support predict a total of 0.59 in life expectancy among the diabetic patients (p<0.05).
Conclusion: According to the results of this study, self-efficacy, self-esteem and perceived social support are effective in improving the life expectancy in patients type 2 diabetes patients.