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Hematocele is a rare complication following percutaneous transluminal angiography or angioplasty. It carries significant morbidity and causes extreme discomfort to the patient. We describe the case of a 47 year-old man who developed this complication.

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Background and Aim: Although no part of human anatomy is invulnerable to hydatid disease, it has been reported to occur in most of vital organs. Hydatid disease of urinary tract is uncommon, accounting for only 2-3 % of all such cases. Testes are extremely rare sites for echinococcosis. There are only three cases of testicular hydatid disease which were reported. In this laboratory animal model, we studied echinococcosis in rabbit testis. Materials and Methods: In this experimental trial study, 14 male Albino rabbits (body weight 2.5-3kg) were randomized into two groups: group A (study group), for testicular injection and group B (control group), for intraperitoneal injection of viable protoscoleces. All rabbits were infected, and then housed them under pathogen-free conditions for 10 weeks (70 days). One rabbit from group A and three from group B died one day after injection, and the other rabbits survived during follow-up period. At 10th week they were all anaesthetized and then we studied all testes with ultrasonography. In group A all testes were excised, and in group B we removed liver, kidneys and took four biopsies from peritoneum, for histopathology investigation. Results: There was demonstrable hydatid cyst (protoscoleces and germinative layer) in testes of five rabbits from group A, but in one rabbit both testes were normal. In group B, three out of four rabbits developed peritoneal hydatidosis. Conclusion: The mechanism of testicular resistance to echinococcosis could be blood-testis barrier because when we directly infected the testes of rabbits with protoscoleces, hydatid cyst developed. نقش سد خونی بیضه در ابتلای کمتر بیضه به بیماری هیداتید

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Aims Alzheimer’s disease is one of the most common dementias, which is initially characterized by synaptic damage and subsequently accompanied by neuronal loss and cognitive impairments, such as anxiety and depression. Urolithins are natural phenolic compounds found abundantly in the human diet and are catabolized from the hydrolysis of ellagitannins by the gut microbiota. They possess anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties and have been found to be effective in brain disorders, particularly memory dysfunction. This study aimed to investigate the effect of Urolithin A and B administration on learning and memory impairments as well as anxiety-like behaviors in adult male rat models of Alzheimer’s disease.
Materials & Methods In this experimental study, 70 adult male Wistar rats were randomly divided into 10 groups of seven, including the healthy control group, the Sham group: received streptozotocin solvent (ascorbic acid 0.1% in saline) as intracerebroventricular (ICV) injection and urolithins solvent (DMSO) as intraperitoneal (IP) injection, Positive control group: received streptozotocin as ICV injection and memantine as IP injection, Negative control group: received streptozotocin as ICV injection, Treatment groups 1 to 6: received streptozotocin as ICV injection and urolithin A and urolithin B as IP injection for 14 days. After the treatment period, the learning and memory of the rats were measured by the passive avoidance test, and the elevated plus maze test measured anxiety-like behaviors.
Findings The results of statistical analysis using one-way variance test (ANOVA) and Tukey's post hoc test, performed in R software, showed that in the passive avoidance test, streptozotocin caused a significant impairment in learning and memory in the negative control group (P<0.01), while the treatment with urolithin A and B significantly improved memory performance, much better than the standard treatment (memantine) (P<0.05). Furthermore, the results of the elevated plus maze test also indicated a significant increase in anxiety-like behaviors in the negative control group compared to the control group (P<0.001), while the treatment with urolithin A and B significantly reduced these behaviors (P<0.01).
Conclusion The results of this study indicated that urolithin A and B, probably due to their antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties, protected the brain against the effects of streptozotocin injection, and consequently, improved learning and memory performance and reduced anxiety-like behaviors.