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Background and aim: Glucose and insulin are two important factors in regulation of food intake. Also, existence of central glucoreceptors have been determined in human and many of animal species and regarding the similarities of central regulation of food intake in human and chicken, in this study evaluated existence of central glucoreceptors and regulatory role of glucose in ingestive behavior of broiler cockerels Materials and methods: This case-control study performed on 128 Ross 308 broiler cockerels. At the first, guide cannula implanted stereotaxicaly in right lateral ventricle of brains of chickens. At onset of experiments, birds were injected with different doses of glucose and insulin via intracerebroventricular. Then in other experiments, chickens received insulin prior to injection of glucose and cumulative food intake was measured 30, 60, 90, 120, 150 and 180 minute after injections. Data obtained were analysed by SPSS statistical software and One-Way ANOVA. Significant differences imply to P≤0.05. Results: The results of this study showed that glucose and insulin had no effect on food intake in chickens (P≥0.05). Conclusion: It is concluded that central glucoreceptors had no role in start of ingestive behavior in birds.

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Aims Nosocomial infections have always been a serious threat to hospitalized patients, and in recent years, the emergence of antibiotic-resistant isolates has aggravated the severity of this problem. The type and rate of bacteria causing nosocomial infection can vary across different geographical areas; therefore, it is of utmost importance to periodically check the type of infection and variations in the antibiotic resistance pattern of bacteria. Therefore, this study aimed to assess the variation in antimicrobial resistance patterns in bacteria isolated from patients with nosocomial infection hospitalized in Allameh Bohlool Gonabadi Hospital from 2017-2020.
Materials & Methods The present cross-sectional descriptive study was conducted on 392 patients with nosocomial infection admitted to Allameh Bohllol Gonabadi Hospital from 2017-2020. The age and gender of the patients, the hospital department, the type of hospital infection, the cause of the infection, and the pattern of antibiotic resistance were extracted from the patient's files. Finally, all the data were analyzed in SPSS software (version 21) using descriptive statistical tests, and the variation in antimicrobial resistance pattern in bacteria isolated from patients with nosocomial infection was investigated.
Findings Out of 44,204 examined patients, 392 cases had nosocomial infections. The rate of nosocomial infection was 0.88%. Ventilator-related pneumonia (32.14%), urinary infection (27.55%), and surgical site infection (20.15%) were the most common nosocomial infections. The highest rate of nosocomial infections was related to the intensive care unit. E. coli (17.6%), Klebsiella (12.2%), and Acinetobacter (10.9%) were the dominant pathogens causing nosocomial infections. The results regarding the variation in antibiotic resistance pattern demonstrated that the rate of antibiotic resistance and the frequency of isolates with multidrug resistance increased over four years. All the isolates showed 100% resistance to ampicillin. Gentamicin and amikacin were the most effective antibiotics used for gram-negative bacilli.
Conclusion As evidenced by the obtained results, there was a significant increasing trend in the resistance of isolates to all studied antibiotics during these four years; moreover, the frequency of multidrug-resistant strains was also increasing. Furthermore, the marked increase in antibiotic resistance among isolates causing nosocomial infections in recent years is a serious risk. Therefore, a thorough knowledge of antibiotic resistance patterns can be of great help to physicians in selecting more appropriate antibiotics for treatment and preventing the development of antibiotic resistance.