---

Aims: Early exposure to hypoxia condition increases the levels of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), blood hemoglobin and hematocrit. The aim of present study was to investigate the effect of training in hypoxia-normobaric and normal condition on concentration of serum VEGF, hemoglobin and blood hematocrit.

Methods: This quasi-experimental study was done in Shahid Beheshti University students. 24 non-active volunteer men who had no regulated physical activity up to 6 month before study were selected randomly. Body mass index, subcutaneous fat, VO₂max and maximum heart rate were measured in 2 periods and samples were divided into 3 groups of hypoxic (12% oxygen), normobaric and control, each consisting of 8 people. Data were analyzed using two way ANOVA and Bonferroni post hoc test by SPSS 16 software.

Results: 8 weeks of training in hypoxia-normobaric condition increased serum VEGF concentration significantly in hypoxic group according to other groups. Also, there was no significant change in hemoglobin concentration and hematocrit percent between hypoxia and normobaric groups, though this change was significant in relation to control group .

Conclusion: Endurance training in hypoxia condition increases serum VEGF more than training in normobaric condition. Endurance training in hypoxia- normobaric condition increases blood hemoglobin and hematocrit.

 

---

Aims: Alpha tumor necrosis factor and Hydrogen peroxide increase in neurotrophins expression in several brain structures. The purpose of this study was to investigate the interactive effect of Hydrogen peroxide and neurotrophic tumor necrosis factor with brain-derived neurotrophic factor by glial cell-derived neurotrophic factor after severe exercise. Materials & Methods: This experimental study was done on 16 adult Wistar albino rats 280g and 3months old. Animals were divided into two intense exercise and sedentary control groups. Animals ran for 6 weeks, 6 days a week, at the speed of 27m per minute and on treadmill for 60 minutes daily. Using kit, the content of BDNF, GDNF, and TNF-α were measured using sandwich ELISA and hydrogen peroxide levels was analyzed by colorimetric assay. Data analyzed by SPSS 16 and Independent-T test. Findings: Hydrogen peroxide levels in the brain, in intense exercise group increased significantly compared with control group (p= 0.006). TNF-α, GDNF and BDNF Levels in the brain in intense exercise group significantly increased compared with control group (p=0.001). Conclusion: Intense running on treadmill increase BDNF and GDNF content in brain of albino Wistar rats through increasing the H2O2 and TNF-α levels.

---

Aims: Angiogenesis and angiostasis processes mean the forming and preventing the formation of a new capillary from pre-capillary, respectively. Angiogenesis due to exercise is controlled by the balance between angiogenic and angiostatic factors. Angiogenesis due to exercise training by increasing capillary density in muscle fibers improves the transfer of oxygen and nutrients to the muscle. The aim of this review was to evaluate the response of each of these angiogenic and angiostatic factors to exercise.
Conclusion: Vascular endothelial growth factor, transforming growth factor-β, angiopoiten and matrix metalloproteinase are most important angiogenic factors that show an up-regulated response following exercise. In contrast, angiostatin, endostatin, thrombospondine 1, and tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase act as most important angiostatic factors. Although their functions in cell culture are cleared, further research is still necessary to obtain more consistent conclusions about response of inhibiting factors in both of physiologic and pathologic conditions following exercise.