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Background and Aim: The survey of demographic and psychological factors such as stress has basic importance in smoking as the most common and the cheapest addiction on early adults who are constructive and active persons of the society. So this study has been done to determine the stressful events on smoked and non-smoked adult people based on Pakle's life events questionnaire. Materials and Methods: This study is a survey study, which it has been done as a cross- sectional and descriptive - analytic study. The samples are 365 people that have been selected as the randomic cluster sampling. The data were analyzed by SPSS soft ware and Kendlls t/aub. Results: 5.9 percent of the people were smokers. Men (12.9%) were smoking significantly more than women (1.7%) (P=0). The greatest and the smallest rate of smoking people were seen at the age group of 25 to 30 (47.6%) and the least were in the age of 20 to 25 respectively. Also brothers and sisters of smoking people were smoking more than nonsmoker (28.6% against 3.3%)(P=0).The results also determined that there were no significant differences between the frequency and the mean of stressful event on smoked and non-smoked people. The most prevalent stressful events were determined the events:” heavy financial problems”, “insufficient income and salary” “a moderate financial problems” and “ transient unemployment” among the smokers and “ to appear moderate physical disease”,” being away from intimate person”,“ hospitalization of family members” and “to take part in an important exam” among non-smoked people. Conclusion: According to the most prevalent stressful events, it seems that special stressors (financial and economic stressors) may be related to smoking that can be analyzed according to individual assessments of stress, the importance of working, salary, and income in early adulthood..

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Abstract Background and Aim: Urinary tract infection (UTI) is one of the most common infectious diseases diagnosed in patients. Escherichia coli (E.coli) has been documented to be the most important pathogen associated with symptomatic tract infections. The aim of this study was to determine the local prevalence of bacterial and strains antimicrobial resistance of E.coli isolated from patients with UTI by reason increasing use of antibiotic and antibacterial resistance. Material and Methods: In order to isolate and identify bacterial agents causing UTI and to indentify it’s sex and age distribiution, in a cross- sectional study, a total of 2101 midstream urine samples “through simple random sampling method” were analyzed for isolation and identification of bacterial isolates as per standard methods. Susceptibility tests were performed with disc diffusion tests using the Kirby-Bauer method on E.coli isolated from 233 cases with UTI aged from 3.5 month through 90 years with an average of 16.52±21.22 years. All data were analyzed with SPSS for windows. Results: Out of which 353 samples were found to be significant bacteriuria (105 Cfu/mL) and remaining 1748 samples were either non-significant bacteriuria or very low bacterial count or sterile urine. In the present study, out of 353 isolated uropathogens the most common isolate was E.coli (66%) followed by staphylococcus sp (21.8%) klebsiella pneumoniae (7.93%), proteus vulgaris (3.4%), pseudomonas aeruginosa (0.84%). The UTIs were found to most frequently in female (78.5%) than male (21.5%) (P=0.000). The isolated E.coli showed resistant to amoxycilin (100%), ampicillin (99.1%) and sensitive to ciprofloxacin (85%) and ceftizoxime (60.1%). Conclusion: This study suggests that in emergency cases before the result of antibiogrom test is determined, the best choices to begin empiric treatment are cipro floxacin and ceftizoxime. amoxicillin and ampicillin are quite ineffective to treat these infections.

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Background and Aim: Not only evaluation of antropometric characteristics use for evaluation of children growth, but also it is sample, cheap, reliable and the strongest instrument for survey growth pattern and nutrition stats in different society. The purpose of this study was prevalence of malnutrition on the base of antropometric characteristics in children who study at grade one primary school and relation between malnutrition and some factors socioeconomic such as: Number of children, education and job parents. This study performed in 2005-2006. Materials and Methods: This cross- sectional study was done on 558 children who study at grade one in Gonabad primary school. They were selected by stratified random sampling. All children were between 6 years and 3 month until 7 years and 3 month old. Children were between 6 years and 3 month until 6 years and 9 month were compared with 6.5 years of NCHS table standard and children were between 6 years and 3 month and one day until 7 years and 3 month were compared with 7 years of NCHS table standard. To evaluation malnutrition status used three criteria: Weight for age (Gom΄s), weight for height (Waterlow) and height for age (Waterlow). Data analysis was done with SPSS soft ware and chi-square test. Results: Prevalence malnutrition was with wasting 38%, with underweight 40.7% and with stunting 14.3%. There was relation between malnutrition with number of children, education and job parents, distance between pregnancy and twinning which was statistically significant (P<0.05). Conclusion: The results showed nutrition status wasn’t satisfactory and some of them have acute and chronic malnutrition. Thus it is necessary to improve nutrition of children by planning free nutrition in school. With attention to effect of some of economic factors in prevalence malnutrition, it is necessary to survey this problem as one of primary planning of our country, in the result complication, expenses treatment malnutrition will be reduced.

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Background and Aim: Ice cream, a milk based product is a good media for microbial growth due to high nutrition value, almost neutral PH value and long storage duration. Contamination of this product with pathogen micro-organism can lead to food poisoning and food born infection and can endanger the sanitation of human. The aim of this research was to assess microbial status of traditional Ice creams. Materials and Methods: In this cross-sectional study a total of 100 samples of traditional Ice cream were obtained randomly from the retail stores in summer. All the samples were analyzed for microbial contamination according to the Iran national standard .The collected data were analyzed statistically using t-test by SPSS for windows. Results: The results show that 26% of the samples were contaminated higher than standard level (>5×104 /gr) ,75% of the samples were contaminated higher than standard level (>10 /gr) with entrobacteriacea. staphylococcus aurous and Escheria coli were isolated from 4% and 32% of samples respectively .No salmonella was isolated from samples. Conclusion: To prevent out break of poisoning and microbial infections due to consumption of Ice cream as well as supervision and control during the production are essential.

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Background and Aim: Campylobacter is a major cause of human bacterial gastroenteritis and poultry meat is an important source of human outbreaks of campylobacteriosis. The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of campylobacter in poultry carcasses in Gonabad poultry slaughterhouse. Materials and Methods: In this cross-sectional study, a number of 100 samples from broiler poultry carcasses were randomly collected by using rinse test in Gonabad poultry slaughterhouse. The samples after enrichment in Exeter broth were plated on skirrow agar with 5% hemolysed, defibrinated horse blood and then incubated for 48 h at 42C in microaerophilic condition. Suspected colonies with gram negative staining and rod shape were tested for oxidase, catalase, hippurate hydrolysis and Darty mortality. Results: from 100 examined samples, 31 (31%) were found positive for campylobacter spp. Biochemical differentiation of the produced campylobacteria isolates showed that C.jejuni was frequently isolated (61.29%) than C.coli (38.71%). Conclusion: The present results showed that chicken carcasses proved to be reservoir of campylobacter. Consequently, implementation of good cooking techniques and washing carcasses perfectly are necessary. It is also necessary to improve quality control for campylobacter spp. in chicken abattoirs.

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Background and Aim: Hyperlipidemia, particularly hypercholesterolemia, is one of the major risk factors in cardiovascular diseases. Egg yolk is one of the richest sources of dietary cholesterol in human nutrition. Because egg yolk has relative high cholesterol, we wish to investigate the effect of consuming regular eggs on serum lipid profile. Materials and Methods: In this semi-experimental trail, twenty six healthy normolipidemic volunteers (8 men and 18 women) were recruited for the study and two well-cooked moderately sized eggs were added to their breakfast in addition to their regular diet for 4 weeks. Fasting blood samples, the dietary intakes, serum lipids, and anthropometric measurements were compared before and after starting new diet applying paired t-test using SPSS software (ver.13) for windows. Results: The 4-week egg consumption (2 per day) significantly increased the average level of total cholesterol, LDL-C and triglyceride from 129.76, 72.19 and 99.63 mg/dl before having egg to 160.69, 98.03 and 105.34 mg/dl, respectively, after using eggs (p=0.0001). While HDL-C decreased significantly from 54.84 mg/dl to 50.73 mg/dl (p=0.008), cholesterol intake significantly increased from 251.2 mg/day to 534.1 mg/day (p=0.0001). Conclusion: Because egg yolk has relatively high cholesterol concentrations, limited egg consumption is often recommended to reduce serum cholesterol concentrations and to help prevent coronary heart diseases (CHD).

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Background and Aim: Coronary artery diseases are the major causes of death around the world and dyslipidemia is one of the most susceptive factors. It is very important to control the dyslipidemia to prevent the cardiovascular diseases. The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of dyslipidemia in Gonabad city. Materials and Methods: In this descriptive study, 606 persons (401 women and 205 men) with 41.39±12.56 mean years were selected based on random cluster sampling method, and serum lipids including triglycerides, total cholesterol, LDL-C and HDL-C were determined in fasting condition. The data were analyzed through statistic tests, that is, chi-square and t-test using SPSS software. Results: The results showed that the most prevalence of dyslipidemia was high LDL-C and total cholesterol levels that were showed in 49.6 and 45.6 percent of men and women, respectively. The lowest prevalence of dyslipidemia was low Levels of HDL-C that were showed in 17.5 and 11.6 percent of men and women, respectively. The prevalence of all lipid abnormalities in expect of high levels LDL-C that were higher in men than women, and HDL-C levels were significantly lower in men than women. There was a significant relation between age and mean lipid values. The results showed increasing means of triglyceride, total cholesterol and LDL-C with aging until 50-59, but beyond that age a decrease was showed. The prevalence of lipid abnormalities in expect of HDL-C was significantly more in the individuals above 40 years old than the younger ones. Conclusion: With regard to the fact that the prevalence of lipid abnormalities is almost high in the present study, it seems that more educational recommendations, modification of dietary habits, lifestyles, and also progress of physical activities are necessary for the prevention of ischemic heart disease risks.

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  Abstract

  Background and Aim: Ice cream is a good growth-medium for microbes due to its nutrients and nearly neutral pH of 6-7. Ice cream contaminated with E.coli is the source of diarrhea and E.coli is an important pathogen that has shown an increasing antimicrobial resistance to most antibiotics. The aim of this study was to determine antibiotic resistance pattern of E.coli isolated from traditional ice-cream in Gonabad city.

  Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional study was carried out on 126 E.coli isolated from 523 samples of traditional ice cream which were collected randomly from the retail stores in Gonabad during March 2007 through November 2008. The antibiograms of E.coli isolates were determined using the Kirby-Bauer disc diffusion on Muller Hinton Agar against 17 selected antibiotics.

  Results: In this research, 126 (24/9%) samples were positive for E.coli . All E.coli isolates (100%) were found to be resistant to Amoxicillin and Amoxyclav in addition, 99.2% of the isolates were resistant to Erythromycin. However, 89.68% isolates were susceptible to ceftizoxim followed by 64.85% susceptible to ceftriaxon.

  Conclusion: The results of this study showed that in order to treat diarrhea due to ice cream contaminated with E.coli the best choices for beginning empiric treatment are ceftizoxim and ceftriaxon.

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Aims: Urinary tract infection is one of the most common bacterial infections and coagulase negative staphylococci are a common cause of this disease based on some reports. Due to increasing the resistance resulting from antibiotics consumption, this study was performed to determine the antibiotic resistance pattern of the coagulase negative staphylococci isolated from urinary tract infections in Gonabad, Iran. Methods: This cross-sectional study was performed on 264 coagulase negative staphylococci isolated from patients who were referred to Jahad Daneshgahi Laboratory due to urinary tract infection in Gonabad city. Identification of bacterial strain was performed by classical identification methods and antimicrobial susceptibility testing was carried out on Mueller-Hinton agar (merck-Germany) using disk diffusion (Kirby Bauer›s) technique. Results: Out of 264 isolates, the most frequent species of coagulase negative staphylococci (CNS) isolates were Staphylococci epidermidis (84%) followed by Staphylococcus saprophyticus (14%). Based on antibiotic resistance pattern,››Penicillin›› (56.43%) showed the highest resistance followed by "erythromycin" (46.21%), and "nitrofurantion" (42.42%) in order. However, CNS showed the highest susceptibility to "ciprofloxacin" (82.57%), "vancomycin" (78.03%) and "Amikacin" (74.24%). Conclusion: The findings showed that the use of ciprofloxacin and vancomycin, as the first choice in empirical treatment of Urinary Tract Infection (UTI) in the region, should be reconsidered.

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Abstract Aims: Increased levels of CRP, uric acid and total bilirubin increase the risk of coronary artery disease. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of selected aerobic training on CRP, uric acid and total bilirubin in sedentary elderly women. Materials & Methods: In this semi-experimental study, in 2014, which was done in Mashhad, 21 sedentary and healthy women with range of 60-70 years old were selected using available and purposive sampling method. They were randomly divided into two groups experimental (n=11) and control (n=10). The 8 weeks of aerobic training (3 times a week, 45-60 minutes per session, with intensity of 50-70 percent of reserve heart rate) were performed. Blood samples were taken at baseline and at the end of the study. Data were analyzed using paired and independent T tests in SPSS 20 software. Findings: Body weight (p=0.001), BMI (p=0.01), body fat percent (p=0.02), CRP levels (p=0.01) and uric acid (p=0.001) were decreased at the end of training compared with the beginning of aerobic training significantly in the experimental group. Moreover, a significant difference was observed between experimental and control groups according to weight (p<0.05). Conclusion: The aerobic training has positive effects on the new biomarker of cardiovascular indicators and aerobic training can prevent the incidence of atherosclerosis diseases.