Abstract

  Background and Aim: Bone marrow transplantation is a strange, frightening and stressful experience for a child. The child is going through a lot of physical-psychological problems during the process of transplantation. Of course, it is important for medical team, especially for nurses, to recognize and discover their experienced world during hospitalization. The aim of this study is to determine children's experiences during bone marrow transplantation process.

  Materials and Methods : This research is a phenomenological qualitative study, in which 6 children with hematological disorders who underwent bone marrow transplantation, were assessed via profound and semi-structured interviews during hospitalization after bone marrow transplantation process. There were two sessions of interview each of which lasted for one hour. The content of interview was recorded and analyzed through conventional content analysis method after documentation.

  Results: Totally, there were six main themes which consisted of: hope to absolute convalesce, happiness of transplantation, closer family relationship, solitary and loneliness, encountering difficulties of transplantation, preparates and threatening of transplantation.

  Conclusion: The child experiences a huge world of happiness, sorrow, stress, worry and different feelings during transplantation process. Also, a majority of the children had a lot of never told before secrets and statements that considering and recognizing clever points in their statements can help nurses to prepare a better nursing care.

  Abstract:

  Background and Aim: Newborns are more sensitive to pain than adults and are more susceptible to the long-term complications of pain. So, it is necessary to use procedures for reducing pain in newborns. The present study has been done in order to assess the effect of skin-to skin contact on the pain intensity of intramuscular injection in newborns.

  Materisals and Methods: This research is an experimental one which was conducted in Shariati Hospital in Bandar Abbas city within six months (2006-2007 years). The sample included 100 healthy newborns. They were randomly divided into 2 groups: case and control groups. In case group, during muscular injection the newborn was naked and with a diaper, had direct contact with skin of chest and abdomen of his/her mother. In control group, the newborn was dressed with a blanket and positioned on the bed. The behavioral responses (facial expression, cry, breathing pattern, arms and legs movement and state of arousal) of the newborns were monitored. The primary outcome measure was the cumulative Neonatal Infant Pain Scale (NIPS) score immediately after injection.

  Results: There were significant differences in behavioral responses between the two groups (p<0.05). Also, the pain intensity of case group newborns, after modifying apgar score of first minute, was less than the one in control group (p<0.001, OR=0.024).

  Conclusion: Skin-to-skin contact method is an easy, applicable and harmless way to reduce behavioral responses of intensity reaction to the pain of muscular injection in newborns.

  Abstract

  Background and Aim: Sleep is a physiologically important process that has profound effects on the physical and mental health of individuals. With attention to the effects of sleep on mental and physical performance in people, the purpose of this study was to determine the effects of a 30-hour sleep deprivation on reaction time, neuromuscular coordination and aerobic capacity in non-athlete male students.

  Materials and Methods: The present study was a semi-experimental one which used a pretest-posttest design. 18 healthy n on-athlete male students from the University of Gilan (age: 21 ±2 y, height: 174.6±6.5 cm, weight: 71.50±5.50 kg, and body fat: 13±5%) were selected randomly. Seven days before study and after 8 hours of sleep, the subjects performed the reaction time test by reaction time evaluation system, neuromuscular coordination by throwing dart and aerobic capacity by 800-and-1500 meter run. The subjects performed above the items again after one week and after a 30-hour sleep deprivation (6 am to 12 pm the following day). The data were analyzed through dependent t-test using SPSS software Version. 15.

  Results: There were significant differences between pre and post tests in left and right hand reaction times (p<0.05), throw dart scores (p<0.05) and 800 and 1500 meter run (p<0.05).

  Conclusion: Our study indicated that a 30-hour sleep deprivation can cause sloth and a decrease in physical performance. Therefore, athletes and non-athletes should get enough night sleep to prevent the performance decline on activities that need accuracy, coordination and specific attention.

  Keywords: Neuromuscular coordination, physical performance, reaction time, sleep deprivation

Aims: Escherichia coli strains are the most important cause of urinary tract infection. Integrons are considered as one of the transfer mechanisms of antibiotic resistance. The aim of the present study was detection of integrons and their realtionships with antibiotic resistance in Escherichia coli isolates.

Material & Methods: Totally, 150 E.coli isolates was collected from urine of patients with urinary tract infection in hospitals in Tehran, Iran. Evaluation of resistance to antibiotics and identification of isolates producing Extended-Spectrum Beta Lactamase (ESBL) were done using the disk diffusion and combined disk diffusion tests, respectively. Amplification of integron gene class I in the isolates was performed by Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR).

Findings:The resistance rate of isolates to antibiotics was amoxicillin (71.3%), trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole (64%), cefotaxime (55.3%), ceftazidime (52.7%), ciprofloxacin (52%), norfloxacin (46.7%), gentamicin (19.3%), meropenem (3.3%), amikacin (2%) and imipenem (0%). Seventy isolates were considered as multiple drug resistance producing isolates (MDR) and 56 (37.3%) isolates showed the ability of ESBLs production. 34 (22.7%) isolates harbored the integron class I. There was a significant relationship between the ESBL producing isolates and MDR resistance and also between the presence of integron class I and MDR resistance.

Conclusion: There was a significant rate of resistance to the majority of tested antibiotics with production of ESBL that could be related to the presence of integrons class I. Thus, it suggests more studies need to be conducted to provide better conditions for prevention of antibiotic resistance.