---

Background and Aim: At least two thirds of all deadly accident and damages occur in the developing countries as Iran, among them burns may put unpleased effects on human’s body and spirit. In order to reduce burn rate, preventive programs are of high importance. The goal of this study was to determine the epidemiological characteristics of burns in Immam Reza Burn Center. Materials and Methods: In this descriptive- retrospective study, data were collected from all medical records of MIRBC during three years (2000-2003) and analyzed by SPSS statistical package. Results: 56.6% of the patients were male .The ratio of male to female was one to three and 61% were in urban areas. Mean age of the patients was 22.35 years, and that of alive patients was 20.10 and for dead patients was 28.78 years, and 61.3% were under 5 years, mean burned surface was around (32.68%) at whole, in the dead patients was 64.49% TBSA, and 21.38% in survived ones, in males 28.83% and in females 37.82%. Also, 41.9% of burns was a combination of the second and third degree and the commonest cause of burn was self-inflicted (57.9%), the mean of hospital stay at whole was 19.68 days, in surviving patients was 22.35 days, and in dead patients was 13.44 , the most burns and mortalities occurred in autumn. The overall mortality rate was 25.9% and 11.2% in children, 34.2% in adults .Also mortality rate in women was 35.9% and in male was 18.4%. Conclusion: With regard to these findings, burn causes high rate of mortality, deformity, disability, pain, physical and psychological problems for person and society and their families. Therefore, it is suggested to provide special educational programs via mass media and apply special rules, to decrease the complications of burn and to construct a new emergency unit, to develop the quality and quantity of burn wards to increase the chance of survival.

---

Gastrointestinal bleeding is one of the most complications in anticoagulated patients. Previous series have shown that most anticoagulated patients who present with gastrointestinal bleeding have had mucosal disease. Materials and Methods: The underlying diagnosis and clinical course of 60 patients who represented with severe acute gastrointestinal haemorrhage while taking the anticoagulant warfarin is reviewed, and matched with 120 patients in control group who presented in the same, not taking warfarin. Results: The mean age of patients was 62 years. A bleeding site was identified in 90% of cases and the major source of bleeding was the alimentary tract. The most common diagnosis was peptic ulcer and erusion. The most of patients were hemodynamicaly stable, and shock was more frequent in patients with INR more than therapeutic level. No direct relation was found between anticoagulation period, history of gastrointestinal disease and drug history of patients with bleeding severity. Endoscopic treatment was attempted in 30% of patients. Conclusion: In our study the most common cause of gastrointestinal bleeding is peptic ulcer disease.Also this study shows that patients who had GI bleeding can safely undergo endoscopic treatment.

---

Background and Aim: Infection with Hepatitis B and C viruses is common in Iran. Prevention is the most effective way to control these infections in our country. In order to determine the best way of prevention, the main modes of transmission must be understood. Materials and Methods: A case-control study was performed on 60 Anti-HCV positive and 340 HBsAg positive blood donor volunteers who came to Mashhad blood transfusion organization (BTO) and they were compared with 400 Anti-HCV and HBsAg negative hospitalized patients who were matched with the case group in regard to age and sex. The modes of transmission were investigated through a detailed questionnaire that focused on the common risk factors of HBV and HCV contagion. Univariate analysis and stepwise forward Logistic Regression analysis were used to compare the case and the control groups. Statistical analysis was carried out by SPSS software version 11.5. P value ≤ 0.05 was considered as statistically significant. Results: The frequency of Anti-HCV and HBsAg positivity among blood donor volunteers in Mashhad was %0.10 and %1.17. In final multivariate analysis only needle stick was remained as a common risk factor for both Anti-HCV positive and HBS Ag positive cases. (OR: 16.94 and 7.12 respectively). History of jaundice (OR: 5.05), dental operation (OR: 4.50), and history of prison (OR: 8.08) were found to be independent risk factors for HCV infection. Tattoo and prison history were independent predictors for HBV infection. Conclusion: The modes of transmission of HBV and HCV in Mashhad do not greatly differ from those in other parts of Iran. This study may be interesting because of the sero-prevalence of hepatitis C and B and its relationship with religious beliefs of the index population. There are certain medical procedures, life style patterns, customs and cultural matters in Mashhad that predispose people to a number of HCV and HBV risk factors.

---

Background and Aim: Growth charts are widely used to assess children’s growth status and can provide a trajectory of growth during early important months of life. The objectives of this study were to construct centile reference charts for height-for-age for children aged 25 to 60 months and compare the results with the WHO reference. Materials and Methods: A total of 23644 apparently healthy boys and girls aged 25 to 60 months were recruited in July 2004 for 20 days from those attending community clinics for routine health checks. Anthropometric measurements were done by trained health staff using WHO methodology. The LMSP method with maximum penalized likelihood, the Generalized Additive Models, the BCPE distribution, the AIC and GAIC (3) criterion, and Worm plot and Q-tests as goodness of fit tests were used to construct the centile reference charts. Results: The height-for-age percentile curves for boys and girls aged from 25 to 60 months were derived utilizing a population of children living in the northeast of Iran. Among all age groups from 25 to 60 months, the median values of children living in the northeast of Iran were lower than the corresponding values in WHO reference data. The height curves of boys were higher than those of girls in all age groups. Conclusion: Significant differences between growth patterns of children living in the northeast of Iran versus international ones necessitate using local and regional standards and growth charts. International norms may not properly recognize the populations at risk for growth problems in Iranian children therefore, they may be misleading for our healthcare system.

---

Background and Aims: As the most common mental disorder, depression has a major role in the determination of an individual's mental health. In this respect, bereavement and losing spouse is one of the most important causes in developing depression. Thus, this research intends to study, first, the level of the depression among the martyrs’ widows in Tehran with the use of special depression scale for war martyr's widows whose psychometric dimensions have been studied by the authors and, then, to find out its relation with some other demographic variables. Materials and Methods: This is a descriptive study performed on 660 widows in Tehran. Participants completed a Special Depression Scale for War Martyr's Widows. The psychometric characteristics of the questionnaire were approved for using in Iranian Martyr's Widows population. Then, the collected data were analyzed with descriptive statistics and ANOVA. Results: The results showed that about 50% of participants got a score higher than mean in the scale which indicated that depression thought and feelings for Iranian martyrs’ widows were in a higher status. Depression scores had a significant relation with their income, education, residential status and their occupation. Marital status didn't have any significant effect on the level of depression in martyr's widows. Conclusion: The results showed a high level of depression in Tehran Martyr's Widows and that they were concerned about war related experiences and feelings. Having high income, higher education, a private house and occupation were associated with lower scores on Special Depression Scale for War Martyr's Widows. The results obtained have been discussed in this regard as well.

---

Abstract Aims: Endotracheal suctioning in patients after coronary artery bypass grafting and under mechanical ventilation can be performed to remove endotracheal secretions with two open and closed methods. The aim of this study was to compare the effect of open and closed endotracheal suctioning on hemodynamic factors of patients after coronary artery bypass grafting under mechanical ventilation. Materials & Methods: This study is a single-blind clinical trial which was done in the intensive care unit of open heart surgery of Imam Reza Hospital of Mashhad on 130 patients after coronary artery bypass grafting under mechanical ventilation who met the criteria of the study in 2013. Subjects were randomly divided into two open and closed suctioning groups with two-stage method after convenience sampling method. Mean arterial pressure and heart rate were compared at baseline, immediately after suctioning, and at one minute interval after suctioning for five minutes between the two groups. For data analysis, repeated measures ANOVA, independent T and paired T tests were used through SPSS 16 software. Findings: Heart rate and mean arterial pressure did not change significantly between the two groups during and after open and closed suction system. No significant difference observed with regards to heart rhythm in both suction system groups as well. Conclusion: Changes in mean arterial pressure, heart rate and heart rhythm in patients with coronary artery bypass grafting under open and closed suctioning are the same and one system could not be preferred over the other.

---

Aims: Some of the unavoidable results of traffic are stress increase, violence by the persons and especially by the drivers, and more air pollution. The aim of this study was to determine and analyze the destinations of urban travels with personal cars, as well as to determine the rate of the unnecessary travels with personal cars.

Instrument & Methods: In the analytic cross-sectional study, the population of personal cars travelling on Gonabad was studied in 2015. Five points on the city were selected as the sampling points. 400 persons, randomly selected, were studied. Data was collected using a researcher-made checklist including the demographic characteristics and some short questions. Data was analyzed by SPSS 19 software using Chi-square test.

Findings: There were significant correlations (p<0.05) between the travel destination and time interval (p=0.0001) and the driver’s gender (p=0.038). There were significant correlations between the number of the passengers of the personal cars and the driver’s gender (p=0.039) and the destination of the travel (p=0.0001). There was no significant correlation between the number of the passengers of the car and time interval (p=0.416), age level (p=0.319), job (p=0.27), educational level (p=0.537), the marital status of the driver (p=0.831), and the family income (p=0.882).

Conclusion: The rate of the utilization of personal cars and as one-passenger cars for non-work destinations is higher in the females than the males. Most of the work travels are done by one-passenger personal cars. Most of the non-work travels with personal cars are done by more than one passenger.

---

glucose control in the diabetic persons. Based on the evidences, a reduction in HbA1c prevents the long-term side-effects of diabetes. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of 8-week aerobic alternate exercises on HbA1c and insulin resistance index in women with type II diabetes.

Materials & Methods: In this semi-experimental study, 30 women with type II diabetes referred to the diabetes clinic of Ahwaz Golestan Hospital were studied in 2012 The subjects were selected via available sampling, and randomly divided into experimental and control groups (n=15 per group). The aerobic program consisted of 8-week pedaling on an ergometer bicycle with an intensity of 68 to 80% of maximum power (3days per week). Fasting blood sampling was done before and after the exercise sessions in all the subjects. Data was analyzed by SPSS 17 software using dependent T and covariance analysis test.

Findings: Following 8-week aerobic alternate exercises, there was no significant reduction in HbA1c and fasting glucose in experimental group (p>0.05). Nevertheless, there were significant reductions in serum insulin and insulin resistance (p<0.05). There was no significant difference between fasting glucose and HbA1c amounts in experimental and control groups. Nevertheless, there were significant differences between serum insulin and insulin resistance in both groups (p<0.05). 

Conclusion: 8-week aerobic alternate exercises with an increasing intensity affect serum insulin level and insulin resistance index in the women with type II diabetes. Nevertheless, the exercises do not considerably affect fasting blood glucose and HbA1c amount.

---

Aims: Nowadays, balance and postural control index is assessed as one of the main parameters in the assessment of persons with neuromuscular and musculoskeletal disorders.  The aim of the study was to investigate the short term effects of massage therapy, core stability exercises and combined stability exercises on the stability limits in patients with chronic non-specific low back pain. 

Materials & Methods: In the semi-experimental study, 30 male patients with chronic non-specific LBP, referred to the physiotherapy clinics of 1 and 3 districts of Tehran City, were studied in 2013. The subjects were selected via random sampling method, were randomly divided into three groups including massage therapy, core stability exercise, and combined stability exercises. 12-session treatment protocols (4 weeks) were conducted in the groups under the therapist’s supervision. The force plate device was used to measure the reaction time (RT), movement velocity (MV), maximum excursion (ME), and end point of excursion (EPE) in eight different directions. Data was analyzed by SPSS 16 software using ANCOVA test.

Findings: After the treatment interventions, the combined exercises improved RT at directions 3 (right lateral) and 8 (left anterior) more than the stability exercises and massage therapy. In addition, more improvement in MV was recorded at the direction 2 (right anterior) compared to the stability exercises. ME records of stability and combined exercises groups were significantly different at direction 7 (left lateral) only (p<0.05).

Conclusion: Despite the fact that each treatment intervention has short term effects on the stability limits of patients with chronic non-specific LBP, it seems that the combination of core stability exercises and massage therapy is more effective than each one solely.

---

Aims: The effects of Tai Chi exercises on the ratio of testosterone and cortisol are less clear, but available research evidences show that aerobic or endurance exercises (as Tai Chi is an aerobic exercise) can affect the ratio of these two hormones and the total amounts. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of Tai Chi exercises on the amounts of testosterone and cortisol and also the ratio of serum testosterone to –cortisol in women.

Materials & Methods: In this quasi-experimental and sectional study in 2015, 42 Tai Chi women were purposefully selected from clubs in Tehran City, Iran, and were divided based on their experience into 3 groups (14 each); the first (6 to 12 months), the second (30 to 42 months) and the third (52 to 64 months). Venous blood samples were taken from all groups after 12 hours of overnight fasting to determine the levels of cortisol, testosterone and testosterone to cortisol ratio. Data were analyzed by SPSS 19 statistical software using non-parametric Kruskal-Wallis, ANOVA and Scheffe post hoc tests.

Findings: There were no significant differences among the three groups according to the mean of serum testosterone, cortisol and testosterone to cortisol ratio (p>0.05).

Conclusion: The history of exercise in Tai Chi women has no effect on the levels of testosterone and serum cortisol and also their ratio.

---

---

---

Aims: The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of six weeks of combined exercises with supplementation of cinnamon on glucose, insulin and fat mass in women with PCOS.
Materials and Methods: 40 women with mean age of 24.15 ± 2.64 and BMI of 27.95 ± 1.28 were randomly assigned into 4 groups (exercise, exercise-supplement, supplement, control). Exercise-supplementation and exercise group performed 6 weeks and 3 sessions each week with intensity 50 to 75% of  maximal  heart  rate for 50 to 85 minutes of training. The pre-and post-period levels of insulin, fasting glucose and fat mass were evaluated. Statistical analysis was performed by means of covariance test and correlated t-test at a significance level of P≤0.05.
Findings: Insulin and glucose levels of post-test of the supplementation group significantly decreased (P<0.05) compared to the pre-test and post-test of the other three groups. Cinnamon intake with exercise was not effective on fat mass (P≤0.05).
Conclusion: The results indicated that insulin and glucose levels were improved after cinnamon training.  Reducing insulin and blood glucose levels by improving androgen and insulin resistance can help improve the menstrual cycle.

---

Aims: The number of pediatric dental clients is on the rise. Besides, the relevant methods are costly and concerning; therefore, psychological methods are required to treat pediatric dental anxiety. The current study aimed to evaluate the effects of the Coping Cat Program (CCP) on anxiety, Emotion Regulation (ER), and resilience among 7- to 12-year-old children. 
Methods & Materials: This was a case study with multiple baselines and a one-month follow-up design. The research sample included 4 subjects referring to the dental clinic in Mashhad City, Iran, in May 2017. The study participants were selected by the purposive sampling method. The study subjects received 16 therapy sessions (2 weekly sessions) based on the CCP. The child version of the Cognitive Emotion Regulation Questionnaire (CERQ-k) and Spence Children’s Anxiety Scale-Child (SCAS-Child) were used to collecting the required data. For data analysis, the graphical analysis method and the determination of recovery percentage were applied. The obtained data were analyzed using SPSS v. 21.
Findings: Anxiety scores in the pretest and posttest in the first child ranged from 62 to 44 with the recovery rate of 0.29; in the second child, it ranged from 57 to 37, with a recovery rate of 0.35; in the third child, it ranged from 48 to 35, with a recovery rate of 0.27, and in the fourth child, this rate decreased from 55 to 25 with a recovery rate of 0.54. Resilience scores in the pretest and posttest in the first child ranged from 52 to 75, with a recovery rate of 0.44, in the second child, it was from 43 to 66, with a recovery rate of 0.53; in the third child, it ranged from 58 to 74, with a recovery rate of 0.27, and in the fourth child, it increased from 64 to 89, with a recovery rate of 0.39. ER components also significantly improved in the examined children.
Conclusion: The present study data indicated that CCP was effective in reducing anxiety symptoms as well as increasing ER and resilience among children aged 7 to 12 years referring to dentistry. Thus, this method can be used to reduce anxiety symptoms and increase ER and resilience in this population. This method helps the child to become aware of negative thoughts, find evidence respecting their negative thoughts, cope with anxiety, learn skills, and practice and repeat these skills. 

---

Aims: Type 2 diabetes is a chronic disease, which lowers the life expectancy of its sufferers due to some problems. Mitochondrial dysfunction is a prominent feature in type 2 diabetes. MOTS-C is a mitochondrial-derived peptide with sports-mimicking activity that has beneficial effects on metabolism and exercise capacity. The purpose of this article is to review the performance of MOTS-c peptide and the mechanism of action of exercise training on the improvement of type 2 diabetes.
Materials and methods: This review study, by searching in the articles available in the databases, Scapus, Google scholar, Pubmed and Farsi including,   Magira and with the keywords MOTS-c, type 2 diabetes, sports training related to the years 1991 to 2022 was done. The search was limited to articles in English and Farsi whose full text was available. In general, among the 52 articles obtained, 41 articles whose full text was available were examined.
Findings: and conclusions: Exercise training increases the MOTS-c level and MOTS-C activates AMPK in skeletal muscles and improves the energy metabolism.
Conclusion:Exercise training improves insulin sensitivity, reducing the risk of concomitant diseases.