Introduction: Iranian traditional medicine dating back to 10,000 years ago was marginalized in the last 150 years, but physicians such as Dr. Ahmadieh has maintained and used it as a source of inspiration for the treatment of many diseases including melancholy. Melancholy, a then-type of depression, is a mental illness in which the person suffers from depression, isolation, hallucination, and delirium. This systematic review aimed to examine Dr. Ahmadieh’s views and experiences on melancholy treatment and compare them with Iranian traditional medicine literature. Materials and Methods: First, through a comprehensive search strategy, Dr. Ahmadieh’s books and the relevant Iranian traditional medicine literature were investigated and compared. Then, eight English and Persian databases, of Ovid MEDLINE, SciVerse Scopus, Google Scholar, ISC, MEDLIB, Magiran, Gang, and SID were searched by combining MeSH and non-MeSH term searches. Relevant studies were identified and retrieved after screening and the reference lists were carefully scanned. Finally, after extracting the data, the narrative synthesis of all results was performed in line with the objectives of the review. Results: Melancholy is one of the oldest terms in history of psychiatry that has been replaced with depression. In line with foundations of Iranian traditional medicine, Dr. Ahmadieh believes that increased or abnormal melancholy (black bile) is the cause of the melancholy. This disease has been classified into three groups, in accordance with DSM-5 criteria. Treatment of melancholy is based on six principles of health (including the nasal discharge stimulation and drainage, and relieving constipation) and its specific treatments are different depending on its class and cause. Conclusion: Dr. Ahmadieh’s experiences in treating diseases have the potential to be used as a complementary treatment or an alternative to standard treatments of conventional medicine, and worth being considered by researchers, clinicians, and health system policymakers. However, it is essential that the effectiveness of these traditional treatments be examined through reliable trials and be applied if they are evidence-based.